Tinjauan Hak Konstitusional Terhadap Korban Bencana Lumpur Lapindo

Events ‘Lapindo Mud' in Sidoardjo shocked Indonesian society. In the case of this mud volcano, Lapindo allegedly “intentionally save ‘operational costs by not installing casing. When viewed from an economic perspective, the decision affects the installation of the casing to the costs incurred Lapindo. This case has caused harm to residents Siduardjo. This case is just one case, of cases in the field of environmental law that led to disaster for the people of Indonesia. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 is to include environmental provisions in it, then followed the birth of Law Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster Management. At the time of this disaster happened, the setting of environmental management regulated in Law Number 23 Year 1997. Are there provisions that already reflects the constitutional rights of disaster victims?Does the presence of the law could meet the challenge? How is its implementation? What about law enforcement

Evolutionary games and quasispecies

We discuss a population of sequences subject to mutations and frequency-dependent selection, where the fitness of a sequence depends on the composition of the entire population. This type of dynamics is crucial to understand the evolution of genomic regulation. Mathematically, it takes the form of a reaction-diffusion problem that is nonlinear in the population state. In our model system, the fitness is determined by a simple mathematical game, the hawk-dove game. The stationary population distribution is found to be a quasispecies with properties different from those which hold in fixed fitness landscapes.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Typos corrected, references updated. An exact solution for the hawks-dove game is provide

Does Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Mothers Associated with Early Initiation of Breastfeeding?

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding is defined as breastfeed started immediately after birth delivery up to one hour , and it will lead to successfull exclusive breastfeeding. Skin-to-skin contact during early initiation of breastfeeding gives positive health impact to both mother dan baby. However, national coverage of early initiation of breasfeeding in Indonesia was 34,5% in 2014 which was lower than global coverage (50%). Objective: To examine the relationship of of breastfeeding intention among pregnant mothers towards early initiation of breastfeeding in two Mother and Child Hospitals, in South Tangerang. Methods: A prospective study conducted in August-November 2016. A sample of 152 third trimester pregnant mothers were from the 2 selected hospitals, taken by purposive sampling. Early breastfeeding initiation (EBI) was measured by interview based structured questionnaire and breastfeeding intention measured by The Infant Feeding Intention scale (IFI). Results: A total of 56.6% of mothers breastfeed during 1 hour after delivery. EBI was done by 71.1% of mothers with high breastfeeding intention. It was the most dominant variable related to early breastfeeding (p = 0.000; OR=5.249;95%CI:2.321-11.870) after controlling other variables. Conclusion: Mother with high breastfeeding intention 5 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding, than those having the low ones. Early promotive, preventive and intervention can be done by measuring breastfeeding intentions during pregnancy. Further research is needed to analyze breastfeeding initiation towards exclusive breastfeeding

Exclusive Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Women

Exclusive breastfeeding intention is a mother's intention to provide her baby only breast milk since the infant was born until at the age of 6 months. Intention in prenatal period is the direct affirmation of exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to find out the most dominant factor related to exclusive breastfeeding intention among pregnant women at a mother and child hospital in South Tangerang. A cross-sectional study design was conducted primarily. The samples were 143 pregnant women on their third trimester pregnancy selected by purposive sampling. Intention was measured by the Infant Feeding Intention scalequestionnaire. Meanwhile, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were measured by the modified Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. It was 61.5% mother had strong exclusive breastfeeding intention. Perceived behavioral control dominantly influenced the exclusive breastfeeding intention (p value = 0.007; Odds Ratio 3.030; 95% CI = 1.361-6.746). The other factors influencing intention were attitude, exposure to exclusive breastfeeding from social media, health workers' support, previous breastfeeding experienceand mothers' occupation. A mother with high perceived behavioral control has three times more likely to have ‘high exclusive breastfeeding intention' than those having the low ones

Inference algorithms for gene networks: a statistical mechanics analysis

The inference of gene regulatory networks from high throughput gene expression data is one of the major challenges in systems biology. This paper aims at analysing and comparing two different algorithmic approaches. The first approach uses pairwise correlations between regulated and regulating genes; the second one uses message-passing techniques for inferring activating and inhibiting regulatory interactions. The performance of these two algorithms can be analysed theoretically on well-defined test sets, using tools from the statistical physics of disordered systems like the replica method. We find that the second algorithm outperforms the first one since it takes into account collective effects of multiple regulators

Canalization of the evolutionary trajectory of the human influenza virus

Since its emergence in 1968, influenza A (H3N2) has evolved extensively in genotype and antigenic phenotype. Antigenic evolution occurs in the context of a two-dimensional 'antigenic map', while genetic evolution shows a characteristic ladder-like genealogical tree. Here, we use a large-scale individual-based model to show that evolution in a Euclidean antigenic space provides a remarkable correspondence between model behavior and the epidemiological, antigenic, genealogical and geographic patterns observed in influenza virus. We find that evolution away from existing human immunity results in rapid population turnover in the influenza virus and that this population turnover occurs primarily along a single antigenic axis. Thus, selective dynamics induce a canalized evolutionary trajectory, in which the evolutionary fate of the influenza population is surprisingly repeatable and hence, in theory, predictable.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, 10 supporting figure

Aging in language dynamics

Human languages evolve continuously, and a puzzling problem is how to reconcile the apparent robustness of most of the deep linguistic structures we use with the evidence that they undergo possibly slow, yet ceaseless, changes. Is the state in which we observe languages today closer to what would be a dynamical attractor with statistically stationary properties or rather closer to a non-steady state slowly evolving in time? Here we address this question in the framework of the emergence of shared linguistic categories in a population of individuals interacting through language games. The observed emerging asymptotic categorization, which has been previously tested - with success - against experimental data from human languages, corresponds to a metastable state where global shifts are always possible but progressively more unlikely and the response properties depend on the age of the system. This aging mechanism exhibits striking quantitative analogies to what is observed in the statistical mechanics of glassy systems. We argue that this can be a general scenario in language dynamics where shared linguistic conventions would not emerge as attractors, but rather as metastable states

Ventilatory associated barotrauma in COVID-19 patients: A multicenter observational case control study (COVI-MIX-study)

Background: The risk of barotrauma associated with different types of ventilatory support is unclear in COVID-19 patients. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the different respiratory support strategies on barotrauma occurrence; we also sought to determine the frequency of barotrauma and the clinical characteristics of the patients who experienced this complication. Methods: This multicentre retrospective case-control study from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021 included COVID-19 patients who experienced barotrauma during hospital stay. They were matched with controls in a 1:1 ratio for the same admission period in the same ward of treatment. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression (OR) were performed to explore which factors were associated with barotrauma and in-hospital death. Results: We included 200 cases and 200 controls. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 39.3% of patients in the barotrauma group, and in 20.1% of controls (p<0.001). Receiving non-invasive ventilation (C-PAP/PSV) instead of conventional oxygen therapy (COT) increased the risk of barotrauma (OR 5.04, 95% CI 2.30 - 11.08, p<0.001), similarly for invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 6.24, 95% CI 2.86-13.60, p<0.001). High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO), compared with COT, did not significantly increase the risk of barotrauma. Barotrauma frequency occurred in 1.00% [95% CI 0.88-1.16] of patients; these were older (p=0.022) and more frequently immunosuppressed (p=0.013). Barotrauma was shown to be an independent risk for death (OR 5.32, 95% CI 2.82-10.03, p<0.001). Conclusions: C-PAP/PSV compared with COT or HFNO increased the risk of barotrauma; otherwise HFNO did not. Barotrauma was recorded in 1.00% of patients, affecting mainly patients with more severe COVID-19 disease. Barotrauma was independently associated with mortality. Trial registration: this case-control study was prospectively registered in clinicaltrial.gov as NCT04897152 (on 21 May 2021)