ВЛИЯНИЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОЙ СОВМЕСТИМОСТИ НА ВЫБОР УСТРОЙСТВ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ ПЕРЕНАПРЯЖЕНИЙ ТИПА 1

Reduction of the protection voltage levels of surge protective devices type 1 increased their fulness, enabling their application as the single-stage limiters, eliminating danger created by impulse s and currents. The paper deals with basic properties which the mentioned systems should be \racterized by. The particular attention was paid for the comparison of mentioned proprieties with threats mectric installation and with impulse strength levels of power supply connections of protected devices. pences 4, figures 2.Снижение напряженных уровней защиты устройств ограничивающих перенапряжен повысило га полезность давая возможность их употребления как одноградусных огр элиминирующих угрозу созданную ударными напряжениями и токами. В статье показань особенности которыми должны характеризоваться упомянутые ограничители. Особенное внимали на сравнение упомянутых особеностей с угрозами электропроводки и с уровнями ударной прочно электропитания защищаемых устройств. Библ.4, рис.2.Снижение напряженных уровней защиты устройств ограничивающих перенапряжен повысило га полезность давая возможность их употребления как одноградусных огр элиминирующих угрозу созданную ударными напряжениями и токами. В статье показань особенности которыми должны характеризоваться упомянутые ограничители. Особенное внимали на сравнение упомянутых особеностей с угрозами электропроводки и с уровнями ударной прочно электропитания защищаемых устройств. Библ.4, рис.2

Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather

The Sun's outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees, and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where the community stands in its ability to forecast how variations in the solar wind (i.e., fast and slow wind streams) impact the Earth. Although the last few decades have seen significant progress in observations and modeling, we still do not have a complete understanding of the relevant physical processes, nor do we have a quantitatively precise census of which coronal structures contribute to specific types of solar wind. Fast streams are known to be connected to the central regions of large coronal holes. Slow streams, however, appear to come from a wide range of sources, including streamers, pseudostreamers, coronal loops, active regions, and coronal hole boundaries. Complicating our understanding even more is the fact that processes such as turbulence, stream-stream interactions, and Coulomb collisions can make it difficult to unambiguously map a parcel measured at 1 AU back down to its coronal source. We also review recent progress -- in theoretical modeling, observational data analysis, and forecasting techniques that sit at the interface between data and theory -- that gives us hope that the above problems are indeed solvable.Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Special issue connected with a 2016 ISSI workshop on "The Scientific Foundations of Space Weather." 44 pages, 9 figure

Technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptations

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