Optimización del contenido en macroelementos en hojas de frambueso mediante encalado en suelos muy ácidos

Raspberries thrive best in an acid soil. However, if the soil pH is lower than 5.6, lime application is necessary. In this study the effects of lime and dolomite application in combination with NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (600 kg ha–1) on the macroelement contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in an extremely acid soil (pH 4.35) and raspberry leaves were evaluated during a three-year period. Optimal pH value for raspberry cultivation (5.84) was achieved with the application of 9 t ha–1 of lime. The mineral nitrogen (NH4+NO3)-N content and P content in the soil after liming increased significantly, but P concentration stayed below the optimal values. Additionally, no changes were noted in K concentration in the soil. The Ca concentration increased significantly in all treatments, while the Mg content increased significantly only in the treatment with dolomite. The N content in the raspberry leaves increased, but K content decreased after liming. There was no change in P content in the leaves affected by liming. Lime increased Ca content in the leaves above the optimal values, while it did not affect the initially optimal Mg content in the leaves. After liming and NPK fertilization, the concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves were still below the optimal values, indicating a need for the combination of higher rates of fertilizer with lime in raspberry cultivation in very acid soils.Los frambuesos crecen mejor en suelos ácidos. Sin embargo, si el pH del suelo es inferior a 5,6, es necesario aplicar cal. En este estudio se evaluaron durante un período de tres años los efectos de aplicar cal y dolomita, en combinación con fertilizantes NPK 15:15:15 (600 kg ha–1), en el contenido de macroelementos (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) en un suelo extremadamente ácido (pH 4,35) y en hojas de frambueso. El pH óptimo para el cultivo del frambueso (5,84) se logró con la aplicación de 9 t ha–1 de cal. En el caso del suelo, después del encalado el contenido en nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3)-N y de P aumentó significativamente, pero la concentración de P se mantuvo por debajo de los valores óptimos; además, no se observaron cambios en la concentración de K; la concentración de Ca aumentó significativamente en todos los tratamientos, pero el contenido de Mg aumentó significativamente sólo en el tratamiento con dolomita. En las hojas de frambueso, después del encalado el contenido de N aumentó, pero el contenido de K disminuyó; no hubo cambios en el contenido de P; el contenido de Ca aumentó por encima de los valores óptimos, mientras que no se afectó el contenido inicial óptimo de Mg. Después del encalado y la fertilización NPK, las concentraciones de N, P y K en las hojas estaban todavía por debajo de los valores óptimos, lo que indica la necesidad de combinar mayores tasas de abono con cal en el cultivo de frambueso en suelos muy ácidos

Economic Analysis of Heating Systems using Geothermal Heat Pump

Ovaj rad predstavlja procenu isplativosti sistema geotermalne toplotne pumpe kao alternativnog grejnog sistema savremenih i dobro izolovanih stambenih objekata. Uporedna analiza je sprovedena na primeru jedno-porodične dobro izolovane kuće, sa nisko-temperaturnom grejnom instalacijom. Ulaganja u geotermalne toplotne pumpe su neuporedivo veća nego u grejne podstanice koje koriste fosilna goriva – preko četiri puta su veća u odnosu na podstanice na prirodni gas i preko tri puta veća u odnosu na one na ulje za loženje. Sa druge strane, operativni troškovi su veoma niski, npr. pet puta su manji nego kod podstanica na ulje za loženje. Uzimajući u razmatranja ukupnu cenu grejnog sistema, koju čine investiciona ulaganja, održavanje i operativni troškovi, kao i stanje na kreditnom tržištu, analizom je zaključeno da je sistem sa geotermalnom toplotnom pumpom ekonomski uporediv sa većinom konvencionalnih grejnih sistema

Effect of waste Al-phosphate on soil and plant

Irreplaceability of phosphorus as a necessary macroelement in crop production is due to limited resources and costly processing of ores and immobilization in soil, which force for seeking an alternative sources or the use of waste materials. In this paper, the waste aluminum phosphate from pharmaceutical factory used as phosphate fertilizer and its effects were compared with other phosphorus fertilizers (superphosphate and rock phosphate). Except the analysis of available phosphorus (AL-method) the sequential extraction of phosphorus (modified Chang and Jackson) and sequential extraction of aluminum (modified Tessier) were performed. The experimental plant was mustard (Sinapis alba). The pot experiment was carried out on two soil types: Stagnosol and Vertisol. Application of phosphorus with aluminum phosphate had the same effect as the application of other phosphatic fertilizers in both soil types. In Stagnosol Al-phosphate directly influenced the increase in plant fresh weight by 39% and dry weight by 43% compared to the control, and also decreased the content of mobile Al for 40% and Pb for 47% in plant biomass. Based on these results, the use of waste aluminum phosphate has a potential to be used as a phosphorus fertilizer under given conditions

Economic Analysis of Heating Systems using Geothermal Heat Pump

Ovaj rad predstavlja procenu isplativosti sistema geotermalne toplotne pumpe kao alternativnog grejnog sistema savremenih i dobro izolovanih stambenih objekata. Uporedna analiza je sprovedena na primeru jedno-porodične dobro izolovane kuće, sa nisko-temperaturnom grejnom instalacijom. Ulaganja u geotermalne toplotne pumpe su neuporedivo veća nego u grejne podstanice koje koriste fosilna goriva – preko četiri puta su veća u odnosu na podstanice na prirodni gas i preko tri puta veća u odnosu na one na ulje za loženje. Sa druge strane, operativni troškovi su veoma niski, npr. pet puta su manji nego kod podstanica na ulje za loženje. Uzimajući u razmatranja ukupnu cenu grejnog sistema, koju čine investiciona ulaganja, održavanje i operativni troškovi, kao i stanje na kreditnom tržištu, analizom je zaključeno da je sistem sa geotermalnom toplotnom pumpom ekonomski uporediv sa većinom konvencionalnih grejnih sistema

Optimization of macroelement contents in raspberry leaves by liming in an extremely acid soil

Raspberries thrive best in an acid soil. However, if the soil pH is lower than 5.6, lime application is necessary. In this study the effects of lime and dolomite application in combination with NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (600 kg ha�1) on the macroelement contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in an extremely acid soil (pH 4.35) and raspberry leaves were evaluated during a three-year period. Optimal pH value for raspberry cultivation (5.84) was achieved with the application of 9 t ha�1 of lime. The mineral nitrogen (NH4+NO3)-N content and P content in the soil after liming increased significantly, but P concentration stayed below the optimal values. Additionally, no changes were noted in K concentration in the soil. The Ca concentration increased significantly in all treatments, while the Mg content increased significantly only in the treatment with dolomite. The N content in the raspberry leaves increased, but K content decreased after liming. There was no change in P content in the leaves affected by liming. Lime increased Ca content in the leaves above the optimal values, while it did not affect the initially optimal Mg content in the leaves. After liming and NPK fertilization, the concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves were still below the optimal values, indicating a need for the combination of higher rates of fertilizer with lime in raspberry cultivation in very acid soils.Los frambuesos crecen mejor en suelos ácidos. Sin embargo, si el pH del suelo es inferior a 5,6, es necesario aplicar cal. En este estudio se evaluaron durante un período de tres años los efectos de aplicar cal y dolomita, en combinación con fertilizantes NPK 15:15:15 (600 kg ha�1), en el contenido de macroelementos (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) en un suelo extremadamente ácido (pH 4,35) y en hojas de frambueso. El pH óptimo para el cultivo del frambueso (5,84) se logró con la aplicación de 9 t ha�1 de cal. En el caso del suelo, después del encalado el contenido en nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3)-N y de P aumentó significativamente, pero la concentración de P se mantuvo por debajo de los valores óptimos; además, no se observaron cambios en la concentración de K; la concentración de Ca aumentó significativamente en todos los tratamientos, pero el contenido de Mg aumentó significativamente sólo en el tratamiento con dolomita. En las hojas de frambueso, después del encalado el contenido de N aumentó, pero el contenido de K disminuyó; no hubo cambios en el contenido de P; el contenido de Ca aumentó por encima de los valores óptimos, mientras que no se afectó el contenido inicial óptimo de Mg. Después del encalado y la fertilización NPK, las concentraciones de N, P y K en las hojas estaban todavía por debajo de los valores óptimos, lo que indica la necesidad de combinar mayores tasas de abono con cal en el cultivo de frambueso en suelos muy ácidos