Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

A photochemical electrocyclization of the benzothiazolylphenylethenes involving a C-N bond formation

A novel oxidative photodehydrocyclization of benzothiazolylphenylethenes to a polycyclic heteroaromatic cations with good yields was described. Starting from the trans-derivative, the phototransformation is a multistep process. It includes two photochemical reactions, a trans-cis-isomerization reaction followed by an 1-aza-1,3,5-hexatrienic electrocyclic reaction involving the formation of CN bond. The cyclized product gives the stable heteroaromatic cations from hydride elimination with oxygen from air

Specific features of reversible E--Z-photoisomerization of crown-containing 4-styrylpyridine complexes with various cations

The reversible photochemical E--Z-isomerization of crown-containing 4-styrylpyridine was studied. The reaction was carried out in the presence of alkaline-earth metals capable of forming complexes with the crown-ether fragment and heavy metal perchlorates (Hg2+, Cd2+) that are able to coordinate the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic residue. The influence of complex formation on the E--Z-photoisomerization was determined by electronic spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The studies performed confirm that the E--Z-photoisomerization can be controlled using supramolecular complex formation

Specific features of reversible E--Z-photoisomerization of crown-containing 4-styrylpyridine complexes with various cations

The reversible photochemical E--Z-isomerization of crown-containing 4-styrylpyridine was studied. The reaction was carried out in the presence of alkaline-earth metals capable of forming complexes with the crown-ether fragment and heavy metal perchlorates (Hg2+, Cd2+) that are able to coordinate the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic residue. The influence of complex formation on the E--Z-photoisomerization was determined by electronic spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The studies performed confirm that the E--Z-photoisomerization can be controlled using supramolecular complex formation