Predicting survival in malignant pleural effusion: development and validation of the LENT prognostic score

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) causes debilitating breathlessness and predicting survival is challenging. This study aimed to obtain contemporary data on survival by underlying tumour type in patients with MPE, identify prognostic indicators of overall survival and develop and validate a prognostic scoring system. METHODS: Three large international cohorts of patients with MPE were used to calculate survival by cell type (univariable Cox model). The prognostic value of 14 predefined variables was evaluated in the most complete data set (multivariable Cox model). A clinical prognostic scoring system was then developed and validated. RESULTS: Based on the results of the international data and the multivariable survival analysis, the LENT prognostic score (pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and tumour type) was developed and subsequently validated using an independent data set. Risk stratifying patients into low-risk, moderate-risk and high-risk groups gave median (IQR) survivals of 319 days (228–549; n=43), 130 days (47–467; n=129) and 44 days (22–77; n=31), respectively. Only 65% (20/31) of patients with a high-risk LENT score survived 1 month from diagnosis and just 3% (1/31) survived 6 months. Analysis of the area under the receiver operating curve revealed the LENT score to be superior at predicting survival compared with ECOG PS at 1 month (0.77 vs 0.66, p<0.01), 3 months (0.84 vs 0.75, p<0.01) and 6 months (0.85 vs 0.76, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The LENT scoring system is the first validated prognostic score in MPE, which predicts survival with significantly better accuracy than ECOG PS alone. This may aid clinical decision making in this diverse patient population

Pontiac fever: an operational definition for epidemiological studies

BACKGROUND: Pontiac fever is usually described in epidemic settings. Detection of Pontiac fever is a marker of an environmental contamination by Legionella and should thereby call for prevention measures in order to prevent outbreak of Legionnaire's disease. The objective of this study is to propose an operational definition of Pontiac fever that is amenable to epidemiological surveillance and investigation in a non epidemic setting. METHODS: A population of 560 elderly subjects residing in 25 nursing homes was followed during 4 months in order to assess the daily incidence of symptoms associated, in the literature, with Pontiac fever. The water and aerosol of one to 8 showers by nursing home were characterized combining conventional bacterial culture of Legionella and the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique that used oligonucleotides probes specific for Legionellaceae. A definition of Pontiac fever was devised based on clinical symptoms described in epidemic investigations and on their timing after the exposure event. The association between incidence of Pontiac fever and shower contamination levels was evaluated to test the relevance of this definition. RESULTS: The proposed definition of Pontiac fever associated the following criteria: occurrence of at least one symptom among headache, myalgia, fever and shivers, possibly associated with other 'minor' symptoms, within three days after a shower contaminated by Legionella, during a maximum of 8 days (minimum 2 days). 23 such cases occurred during the study (incidence rate: 0.125 cases per person-year [95% CI: 0.122–0.127]). A concentration of Legionella in water equal to or greater than 10(4).L(-1 )(FISH method) was associated with a significant increase of incidence of Pontiac fever (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Once validated in other settings, the proposed definition of Pontiac fever might be used to develop epidemiological surveillance and help draw attention on sources of Legionella

Cardiac Complications in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Vicente Corrales-Medina and colleagues report estimates of the risk of cardiac complications among patients with community-acquired pneumonia from a systematic review and meta-analysis

What pulmonologists think about the asthma–COPD overlap syndrome

Background: Some patients with COPD may share characteristics of asthma; this is the so-called asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). There are no universally accepted criteria for ACOS, and most treatments for asthma and COPD have not been adequately tested in this population. Materials and methods: We performed a survey among pulmonology specialists in asthma and COPD aimed at collecting their opinions about ACOS and their attitudes in regard to some case scenarios of ACOS patients. The participants answered a structured questionnaire and attended a face-to-face meeting with the Metaplan methodology to discuss different aspects of ACOS. Results: A total of 26 pulmonologists with a mean age of 49.7 years participated in the survey (13 specialists in asthma and 13 in COPD). Among these, 84.6% recognized the existence of ACOS and stated that a mean of 12.6% of their patients might have this syndrome. In addition, 80.8% agreed that the diagnostic criteria for ACOS are not yet well defined. The most frequently mentioned characteristics of ACOS were a history of asthma (88.5%), significant smoking exposure (73.1%), and postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ,0.7 (69.2%). The most accepted diagnostic criteria were eosinophilia in sputum (80.8%), a very positive bronchodilator test (69.2%), and a history of asthma before 40 years of age (65.4%). Up to 96.2% agreed that first-line treatment for ACOS was the combination of a long-acting β2-agonist and inhaled steroid, with a long-acting antimuscarinic agent (triple therapy) for severe ACOS. Conclusion: Most Spanish specialists in asthma and COPD agree that ACOS exists, but the diagnostic criteria are not yet well defined. A previous history of asthma, smoking, and not fully reversible airflow limitation are considered the main characteristics of ACOS, with the most accepted first-line treatment being long-acting β2-agonist/inhaled corticosteroids

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad de los ancianos: diferencias entre los que viven en residencias y en domicilios particulares

Objetivo: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) de los ancianos que viven en una residencia se considera distinta del resto en cuanto a etiología, forma de presentación y pronóstico. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios en nuestro país que confirmen estos aspectos, sin olvidar las diferencias etiológicas regionales de las NAC. Pacientes y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo de 18 meses de duración (2002-2003), en el que se ha incluido a todos los pacientes mayores de 65 años que ingresaron por NAC en nuestro hospital. Se recogieron las características clínicas, analíticas y radiológicas haciendo especial hincapié en la situación funcional --­escala del Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), índices de Barthel y Karnofsky--­ y en la comorbilidad. Para el diagnóstico etiológico se realizaron 2 hemocultivos, antígeno de Legionella en orina y serología de gérmenes atípicos; en los casos indicados también se practicó cultivo bacteriológico de muestras respiratorias. Resultados: Se incluyó a 91 pacientes, de ellos 25 procedían de residencias. Estos últimos tenían mayor edad (82 ± 4 frente a 73 ± 5 años; p = 0,0001), mayor comorbilidad global (p = 0,0001) --como enfermedades aisladas eran significativamente más comunes la diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad cerebrovascular, la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva crónica y la demencia-- y peor estado funcional (ECOG: 2,09 ± 0,9 frente a 0,93 ± 1,1, p = 0,001; índice de Barthel: 19 ± 33 frente a 77 ± 35, p = 0,001; índice de Karnofsky: 51 ± 17 frente a 78 ± 23, p = 0,001). En cuanto a las características clínicas, encontramos diferencias significativas en la frecuencia respiratoria (39 ± 11 frente a 27 ± 7 respiraciones/min; p = 0,001), la presión arterial diastólica (69,5 ± 20 frente a 79,2 ± 18 mmHg; p = 0,029) y en la temperatura (36,6 ± 1,2 frente a 37,7 ± 1,1 °C; p = 0,001). En la radiografía de tórax, la NAC de residencia presentó mayor número de lóbulos afectados (p = 0,004). Además, estos pacientes tenían mayor hipoxemia, acidosis, anemia, hipoalbuminemia y elevación de las cifras de urea y creatinina. Asimismo, la puntuación en la escala de Fine fue superior (134 ± 26 frente a 95 ± 28; p = 0,001) y presentaron mayor mortalidad (7/25 frente a 3/66; p = 0,005). En la mayoría de los pacientes no se pudo encontrar un diagnóstico etiológico, pero no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. La variable predictora de mortalidad de los ancianos de la serie --modelo de regresión (pasos sucesivos)-- fue la urea (R2 corregida = 0,452). Conclusiones: En nuestra población, los ancianos que viven en residencias tienen mayor edad, pluripatología e importante deterioro funcional. En estas circunstancias la NAC adquiere especial gravedad y es una causa importante de mortalidad, pese a que los agentes etiológicos no parecen diferir de los habituales

Mixed Th2 and non-Th2 inflammatory pattern in the asthma&ndash;COPD overlap: a network approach

Luis P&eacute;rez de Llano,1,* Borja G Cos&iacute;o,2,3,* Amanda Iglesias,3 Natividad de las Cuevas,4 Juan Jose Soler-Catalu&ntilde;a,3,5 Jose Luis Izquierdo,6 Jose Luis L&oacute;pez-Campos,3,7 Carmen Calero,7 Vicente Plaza,3,8&ndash;10 Marc Miravitlles,3,11 Alfons Torrego,8&ndash;10 Eva Martinez-Moragon,12 Joan B Soriano,13 Antolin Lopez Vi&ntilde;a,14 Irina Bobolea15 On behalf of the CHACOS Study Group 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain; 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases-IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; 3CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; 4Department of Allergy, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; 5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain; 6Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain; 7Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Roc&iacute;o, Sevilla, Spain; 8Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu y Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; 9Institut d&rsquo;Investigaci&oacute; Biom&eacute;dica Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; 10Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut&ograve;noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 11Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d&rsquo;Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; 12Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain; 13Instituto de Investigaci&oacute;n Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 14Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain; 15Servei de Pneumologia i Alergia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain *These authors contributed equally to&nbsp;this&nbsp;work Introduction: The asthma&ndash;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) is a clinical condition that combines features of those two diseases, and that is difficult to define due to the lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Determining systemic mediators may help clarify the nature of inflammation in patients with ACO. Objectives: We aimed at investigating the role and interaction of common markers of systemic inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-&alpha;), Th2-related markers (periostin, IL-5, and IL-13), and IL-17 in asthma, COPD, and ACO. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients aged &ge;40 years with a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity &lt;0.70 recruited from outpatient clinics in tertiary hospitals with a clinical diagnosis of asthma, COPD, or ACO. ACO was defined by a history of smoking &gt;10 pack-years in a patient with a previous diagnosis of asthma or by the presence of eosinophilia in a patient with a previous diagnosis of COPD. Clinical, functional, and inflammatory parameters were compared between categories using discriminant and network analysis. Results: In total, 109 ACO, 89 COPD, and 94 asthma patients were included. Serum levels (median [interquartile range]) of IL-5 were higher in asthma patients than in COPD patients (2.09 [0.61&ndash;3.57] vs 1.11 [0.12&ndash;2.42] pg/mL, respectively; p=0.03), and IL-8 levels (median [interquartile range]) were higher in COPD patients than in asthma patients (9.45 [6.61&ndash;13.12] vs 7.03 [4.69&ndash;10.44] pg/mL, respectively; p&lt;0.001). Their values in ACO were intermediate between those in asthma and in COPD. Principal component and network analysis showed a mixed inflammatory pattern in ACO in between asthma and COPD. IL-13 was the most connected node in the network, with different weights among the three conditions. Conclusion: Asthma and COPD are two different inflammatory conditions that may overlap in some patients, leading to a mixed inflammatory pattern. IL-13 could be central to the regulation of inflammation in these conditions. Keywords: asthma mechanisms, COPD mechanisms, inflammatory cytokines, overlap, network analysis, IL-1