Concentración celular y biomasa seca en tres especies de microalgas marinas: Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata y Tetraselmis striata

The aim of study was to determine cell concentration and dry biomass in three species of marine microalgae: Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis striata. The strains were supplied by the Ilo Coastal Laboratory belonging to the Peruvian Institute of the Sea (IMARPE) and then, the microalgae were conditioned to be cultivated in a semi-controlled medium. The phases of the microalgae culture consisted of the cepario, initial, intermediate and massive. The order of maximum cellular concentration (cel/mL) for the microalgae was Nannochloropsis oculata > Chlorella vulgaris > Tetraselmis striata where N. oculata represented 7.63 times higher than T. striata. In the case of biomass, the order corresponded to: C. vulgaris > T. striata > N. oculata, with a 1.32 g difference. It was concluded that the microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris indicated the greatest advantage to be used in aquaculture compared to the other two species.El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la concentración celular y la biomasa seca en tres species de microalgas marinas: Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata y Tetraselmis striata. Las cepas se suministraron por el Laboratorio Costero de Ilo perteneciente al Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) y luego, se acondicionaron las microalgas para ser cultivadas en medio semicontrolado. Las fases del cultivo de microalgas consistieron en el cepario, inicial, intermedia y masiva. El orden de máxima concentración celular (cel/mL) para las microalgas fue: Nannochloropsis oculata > Chlorella vulgaris > Tetraselmis striata donde N. oculata representó 7,63 veces superior a T. striata. En el caso de la biomasa, el orden correspondió a: C. vulgaris > T. striata > N. oculata existiendo 1,32 g de diferencia. Se concluyó que, la especie de microalga Chlorella vulgaris indicó la mayor ventaja para usarse en la acuicultura comparativamente con las otras dos especies

Optimal location of exit doors for efficient evacuation of crowds at gathering places

This work deals with the optimal design for the location of the exit doors at meeting places (such as sports centers, public squares, street markets, transport stations, etc.) to guarantee a safer emergency evacuation in events of a sporting, social, entertainment or religious type. This problem is stated as an optimal control problem of nonlinear partial differential equations, where the state system is a reformulation of the Hughes model (coupling the eikonal equation for a density-weighted walking velocity of pedestrians and the continuity equation for conservation of the pedestrian density), the control is the location of the exit doors at the domain boundary (subject to several geometric constraints), and the cost function is related to the evacuation rate. We provide a full numerical algorithm for solving the problem (a finite element technique for the discretization and a gradient-free procedure for the optimization), and show several numerical results for a realistic case.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. TED2021-129324B-I00Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, México | Ref. SNI-52768Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (México) | Ref. PRODEP/103.5/16/8066CONACyT | Ref. 21755

Towards a more efficient evacuation of crowds by means of an optimal location of exit doors

In this work we present a new strategy, employing optimal control techniques of partial differential equations, to automate the optimization of locations for a given number of exit doors at gathering places, so that the evacuation of crowds takes place in a safer and faster way. Once given a detailed mathematical formulation of the problem, in order to solve the constrained optimal control problem numerically, we propose its full discretization, with a space semi-discretization via the finite element method over a family of triangular meshes of the domain under study, and a time semi-discretization via the Euler algorithm. Finally, for the resulting discretized minimization problem, we try its optimization by means of a derivative-free algorithm. Numerical examples, corresponding to different scenarios for a real-world study case posed on “Plaza de la Liberacion” (Guadalajara, Mexico), are presented and discussed to assess the effectiveness of our approach

Effect of Estradiol Benzoate on the Size of Follicle and Corpus Luteum of Holstein Cows Treated with D-Cloprostenol.

The effect of two treatments, farms, and body  shape on the size of the follicle and  Corpus Luteum  were evaluated. D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) was used in one of the treatments; in the other,  D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) and Estradiol Ben-zoate (1 mg), were used. Two groups of 32 Holstein dairy cows each, from the Nero and Irquis farms in Cuenca, Ec-uador, were set up.  Body condition  (2.75-3.50) was considered. The calving number was 1-6; the farms,  Irquis and Nero; and animal age, 3-10 years. Ultrasound scanning was used on days 0; 3 and 7, in order to measure the  Luteumfirst, then the  dominant ovarian follicle, and finally, the Corpus Luteum.  Factor analysis of variance  was  performed. No significant differences were found for follicle size due to any factors; nor due to interaction.  Concerning luteum, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for the treatments and for the farm. The values were 0.33 cm higher for the treatment with Benzoate, and 0.36 cm,  at  Irquis, in comparison to Nero. The treatment with Benzoate, along with better husbandry at Irquis played a critical role in the appearance and evolution of the luteum

Follicle Wave and Natural Estrus Synchronization Superovulation in Holstein Cows.

The effects of two superovulation protocols were compared (synchronization of the follicle wave SFW and natural estrus  NE) in embryos collected from Holstein cows. Twenty cows were chosen as donors, body condition of 2.75  -3.5; between 40 and 60 months, with normal cycles and no breeding problems. The cows were randomly assigned to SFW treatment (n=10), and the NE treatment (n=10). The SFW group was synchronized with intravaginal progester-one plus estradiol  benzoate, on day 0, and increasing doses  of FSH for 4 days, twice a day, from  the 4th on. The im-plant was removed on the 6thday, and prostaglandin was applied. On the 8th day, insemination was made at 6 am and 6 pm. The NE group received  increasing doses of FSH twice a day, during 4 days, from the 10th day. On the 12th day prostaglandin was administered, and insemination took place on the 14th day, at 6 am and 6 pm.  The em-bryos were recovered from the two groups without surgery, 7 days after the first artificial insemination. The values of embryos for transference were 5.7 + 0.76 and 2.8 + 0.31 (P < 0.05) for SFW and NE, respectively

Assessment of two Superovulation Protocols for Embryo Production in Holstein Cows

The aim of this paper was to compare the effects of two superovulation protocols (synchronization of the follicular wave (SFW), and natural estrus (NE) induction of embryos produced for transference in Holstein cows. Twenty cows were chosen as donors, with a body condition (BC) of 2.75-3.5; 40-60 months old; 1-2 previous gestation services, and without reproductive problems. Two superovulation protocols were applied: SFW and NE. SFW was not observed to produce more embryos than NE in the blastocysts and morula stages

Application of diamond-like carbon coatings to elastomers frictional surfaces

Nitrile-butyl rubber-like materials were coated with amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings in order to modify their surface and tribological properties. Measurements of water contact angle were performed by the sessile drop method and showed that the coated samples are more hydrophobic with water contact angles up to 116°. The surface free energy of the elastomers was calculated by the acid-base regression method considering polar and dispersive contributions and the results were correlated with changes in the surface chemistry measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been found that the lower presence of oxygen functional groups on the elastomer surfaces led to lower surface free energies, even though the polar contribution was not predominant. We also found that the DLC coatings led to a significant decrease of the surface free energy (up to 16%) and that there is a good correlation between the surface free energy values and the corresponding water contact angle values. The coefficient of friction was also measured and presented a significant decrease after coating with DLC. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the EU from the Sixth framework programme in the KRISTAL Project no. 515837-2. L. Martínez and Y. Huttel acknowledge the Spanish “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” for the “Juan de la Cierva” and “Ramón y Cajal” programmes, respectively. R. Nevshupa acknowledges the “Marie Curie” programme (MIF1-CT-2006-22067)

Efecto del Benzoato de Estradiol en el tamaño del folículo y cuerpo lúteo en vacas Holstein sincronizadas con D-Cloroprostenol.

Se evaluó el efecto de dos tratamientos,  las granjas y la condición corporal en el tamaño del folículo y cuerpo lúteo. En uno de los tratamientos se aplicó D-Cloroprostenol (150 ug) y en el otro, D-Cloroprostenol (150 ug) y Ben-zoato de Estradiol (1mg). Se formaron dos grupos de 32 vacas Holstein cada uno, pertenecientes a las granjas Nero e Irquis, en Cuenca, Ecuador. Se tomó en cuenta la condición corporal (2,75-3,50), el número de partos fue de 1-6, las granjas (Irquis y Nero) y edad de los animales (3-10 años). Se usó ecografía a 0;  3 y 7 días, así para en el primer momento medir el cuerpo lúteo, luego el folículo dominante y la última el cuerpo  lúteo. Se realizó un análisis de va-rianza factorial. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para el tamaño del folículo por efecto de ninguno de los factores ni la interacción, no así en el tamaño del cuerpo lúteo, donde se registraron diferencias s ignificativas (P < 0,05) para los tratamientos y para la granja. El valor fue superior en 0,33 cm en el tratamiento con Benzoato y de 0,36 cm en la granja Irquis respecto a Nero. La aplicación del tratamiento con Benzoato y el mejor manejo de la granja Irquis tuvieron influencia importante en la formación y desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo.Effect of Estradiol Benzoate on the Size of Follicle and Corpus Luteum of Holstein Cows, Treated with D-Cloprostenol.ABSTRACTThe effect of two treatments, farms, and body shape on the size of the follicle and Corpus Luteum, were evaluated. D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) was used in one of the treatments; in the other, D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) and Estradiol Ben-zoate (1mg), were used.  Two groups of 32 Holstein cows each,  from Nero and  Irquis farms in Cuenca, Ecuador, were set up.  Body condition  (2.75-3.50) was considered. The calving number was 1-6, the farms (Irquis and Nero), and animal age (3-10 years). Ultrasound scanning was used on days 0; 3 and 7, in order to measure the Luteum  first, then the dominating follicle, and finally, the Corpus Luteum. Factor variance analysis was performed. No significant differences were found for follicle size due to any factors; nor due to interaction. Concerning luteum, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for the treatments and for  the farm. The values were 0.33 cm higher for the treat-ment with Benzoate, and 0.36 cm, on Irquis Farm, in comparison to Nero. The treat ment with Benzoate, along with better husbandry on Irquis played a critical role in the appearance and evolution of the luteum

Superovulación con sincronización de la onda folicular y con celo natural en vacas Holstein.

Se comparó el efecto de dos protocolos de superovulación (sincronización de la onda folicular SOF y el celo natural CN) en la calidad de embriones obtenidos de vacas Holstein. Se seleccionaron 20 vacas Holstein como donantes con una condición corporal de 2,75 a 3,5; edades entre 40 y 60 meses; ciclos normales y que no presentaran problemas reproductivos. Las vacas fueron aleatoriamente asignadas al tratamiento SOF (n = 10) y al tratamiento CN (n = 10). El grupo SOF se sincronizó con dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona más benzoato de estradiol en el día 0 y FSH en dosis decrecientes durante 4 días, 2 veces al día a partir del día 4. En el día 6 se retiró el implante y se aplicó prostaglandina. En el día 8 se inseminó a las 6 am y 6 pm. Al grupo CN se aplicó la FSH dos veces al día durante 4 días en dosis decreciente a partir del día 10. En el día 12 se aplicó prostaglandina y se inseminó el día 14 a las 6 am y 6 pm. En los dos grupos se recuperaron los embriones en forma no quirúrgica, 7 días después de la primera inseminación artificial. Los resultados en embriones transferibles fueron 5,7 + 0,76 y 2,8 + 0,31 (P < 0,05) para SOF y CN, respectivamente. Se concluye que el protocolo de SOF produce mayor cantidad de embriones transferibles (calidad 1 y 2) que el protocolo CN.Superovulation with Synchronization of Follicle Wave and Naturally-Induced Estrus in Holstein CowsABSTRACTThe objective was to evaluate the effect of superovulation (SOV) with synchronization of ovarian follicular wave (SOFW) and natural estrus (NE) on the quality of embryos obtained in Holstein cows. 20 Holstein cows were selected as donors with a body condition score: 2.75 to 3.5; aged between 40 and 60 months; normal cycles; and who have not submitted reproductive problems. The cows were randomly assigned to treatment SOFW (n = 10) and NE (n = 10) treatment. The SOFW group was synchronized with intravaginal progesterone device plus estradiol benzoate at day 0 and FSH in decreasing doses for 4 days, 2 times a day from day 4; at day 6 the implant was removed and applied prostaglandin; on day 8, they were inseminated to 6:00 a.m. and 6 pm. At NE group, FSH was applied twice daily for 4 days in decreasing doses from day 10; prostaglandin on day 12 was applied and inseminated on day 14 at 6 am and 6 pm. In both groups embryos non-surgically seven days after the first IA recovered. The results obtained in transferable embryos were 5.7 + 0.76 and 2.8 + 0.31 (P < 0.05) SOF and CN, respectively. It is concluded that the protocol SOFW produces more transferable embryos (grade 1 and 2) that the protocol NE

Superovulación con sincronización de la onda folicular y con celo natural en vacas Holstein.

Se comparó el efecto de dos protocolos de superovulación (sincronización de la onda folicular SOF y el celo natural CN) en la calidad de embriones obtenidos de vacas Holstein. Se seleccionaron 20 vacas Holstein como donantes con una condición corporal de 2,75 a 3,5; edades entre 40 y 60 meses; ciclos normales y que no presentaran problemas reproductivos. Las vacas fueron aleatoriamente asignadas al tratamiento SOF (n = 10) y al tratamiento CN (n = 10). El grupo SOF se sincronizó con dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona más benzoato de estradiol en el día 0 y FSH en dosis decrecientes durante 4 días, 2 veces al día a partir del día 4. En el día 6 se retiró el implante y se aplicó prostaglandina. En el día 8 se inseminó a las 6 am y 6 pm. Al grupo CN se aplicó la FSH dos veces al día durante 4 días en dosis decreciente a partir del día 10. En el día 12 se aplicó prostaglandina y se inseminó el día 14 a las 6 am y 6 pm. En los dos grupos se recuperaron los embriones en forma no quirúrgica, 7 días después de la primera inseminación artificial. Los resultados en embriones transferibles fueron 5,7 + 0,76 y 2,8 + 0,31 (P < 0,05) para SOF y CN, respectivamente. Se concluye que el protocolo de SOF produce mayor cantidad de embriones transferibles (calidad 1 y 2) que el protocolo CN.Superovulation with Synchronization of Follicle Wave and Naturally-Induced Estrus in Holstein CowsABSTRACTThe objective was to evaluate the effect of superovulation (SOV) with synchronization of ovarian follicular wave (SOFW) and natural estrus (NE) on the quality of embryos obtained in Holstein cows. 20 Holstein cows were selected as donors with a body condition score: 2.75 to 3.5; aged between 40 and 60 months; normal cycles; and who have not submitted reproductive problems. The cows were randomly assigned to treatment SOFW (n = 10) and NE (n = 10) treatment. The SOFW group was synchronized with intravaginal progesterone device plus estradiol benzoate at day 0 and FSH in decreasing doses for 4 days, 2 times a day from day 4; at day 6 the implant was removed and applied prostaglandin; on day 8, they were inseminated to 6:00 a.m. and 6 pm. At NE group, FSH was applied twice daily for 4 days in decreasing doses from day 10; prostaglandin on day 12 was applied and inseminated on day 14 at 6 am and 6 pm. In both groups embryos non-surgically seven days after the first IA recovered. The results obtained in transferable embryos were 5.7 + 0.76 and 2.8 + 0.31 (P < 0.05) SOF and CN, respectively. It is concluded that the protocol SOFW produces more transferable embryos (grade 1 and 2) that the protocol NE