1,617 research outputs found
Adolescents’ responses to the promotion and flavouring of e-cigarettes
Objectives
The purpose of the study is to examine adolescents’ awareness of e-cigarette marketing and investigate the impact of e-cigarette flavour descriptors on perceptions of product harm and user image.
Methods
Data come from the 2014 Youth Tobacco Policy Survey, a cross-sectional in-home survey conducted with 11–16 year olds across the UK (n = 1205). Adolescents’ awareness of e-cigarette promotion, brands, and flavours was assessed. Perceptions of product harm, and likely user of four examples of e-cigarette flavours was also examined.
Results
Some participants had tried e-cigarettes (12 %) but regular use was low (2 %) and confined to adolescents who had also smoked tobacco. Most were aware of at least one promotional channel (82 %) and that e-cigarettes came in different flavours (69 %). Brand awareness was low. E-cigarettes were perceived as harmful (M = 3.54, SD = 1.19) but this was moderated by product flavours. Fruit and sweet flavours were perceived as more likely to be tried by young never smokers than adult smokers trying to quit (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
There is a need to monitor the impact of future market and regulatory change on youth uptake and perceptions of e-cigarettes
Collision geometry scaling of Au+Au pseudorapidity density from sqrt(s_NN) = 19.6 to 200 GeV
The centrality dependence of the midrapidity charged particle multiplicity in
Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 19.6 and 200 GeV is presented. Within a simple
model, the fraction of hard (scaling with number of binary collisions) to soft
(scaling with number of participant pairs) interactions is consistent with a
value of x = 0.13 +/- 0.01(stat) +/- 0.05(syst) at both energies. The
experimental results at both energies, scaled by inelastic p(pbar)+p collision
data, agree within systematic errors. The ratio of the data was found not to
depend on centrality over the studied range and yields a simple linear scale
factor of R_(200/19.6) = 2.03 +/- 0.02(stat) +/- 0.05(syst).Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PRC-R
Transverse Momentum and Rapidity Dependence of HBT Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV
Two-particle correlations of identical charged pion pairs from Au+Au
collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV were measured by the PHOBOS
experiment at RHIC. Data for the 15% most central events were analyzed with
Bertsch-Pratt and Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii parameterizations using pairs with
rapidities of 0.4 < y_{\pi\pi} < 1.3 and transverse momenta 0.1 < k_T < 1.4
GeV/c. The Bertsch-Pratt radii R_o and R_l decrease as a function of pair
transverse momentum, while R_s is consistent with a weaker dependence. R_o and
R_s are independent of collision energy, while R_l shows a slight increase. The
source rapidity y_{ykp} scales roughly with the pair rapidity y_{\pi\pi},
indicating strong dynamical correlations.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Energy dependence of elliptic flow over a large pseudorapidity range in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
This paper describes the measurement of the energy dependence of elliptic
flow for charged particles in Au+Au collisions using the PHOBOS detector at the
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Data taken at collision energies of
19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV are shown over a wide range in
pseudorapidity. These results, when plotted as a function of
, scale with approximate linearity throughout ,
implying no sharp changes in the dynamics of particle production as a function
of pseudorapidity or increasing beam energy.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Forward-Backward Multiplicity Correlations in sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV Gold-Gold Collisions
Forward-backward correlations of charged-particle multiplicities in symmetric
bins in pseudorapidity are studied in order to gain insight into the underlying
correlation structure of particle production in Au+Au collisions. The PHOBOS
detector is used to measure integrated multiplicities in bins centered at eta,
defined within |eta|<3, and covering intervals Delta-eta. The variance
sigma^2_C of a suitably defined forward-backward asymmetry variable C is
calculated as a function of eta, Delta-eta, and centrality. It is found to be
sensitive to short range correlations, and the concept of "clustering'' is used
to interpret comparisons to phenomenological models.Comment: 5 Pages, 5 Figures, submitted to Physical Review C -- Rapid
Communication
Effects on Smoking Cessation: Naltrexone Combined with a Cognitive Behavioral
A promising option in substance abuse treatment is the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA). The opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) may work in combination with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to block the effects of smoking stimuli in abstinent smokers. Effects of lower doses than 50 mg/dd. have not been reported. A study was conducted in Amsterdam in 2000/2001 with the objective to explore the effects of the combination NTX (25/50-mg dd.), NRT, and CRA in terms of craving and abstinence. In a randomized open label, 2 × 2 between subjects design, 25 recovered spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) participants received 8 weeks of treatment. Due to side effects, only 3 participants were compliant in the 50-mg NTX condition. Craving significantly declined between each measurement and there was a significant interaction between decline in craving and craving measured at baseline. The abstinence rate in the CRA group was nearly double that in the non-psychosocial therapy group (46% vs. 25%; NS) at 3 months follow-up after treatment
Ratios of charged antiparticles to particles near mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV
We have measured the ratios of antiparticles to particles for charged pions,
kaons and protons near mid-rapidity in central Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) =
130 GeV. For protons, we observe pbar/p = 0.60 +/- 0.04 (stat.) +/- 0.06
(syst.) in the transverse momentum range 0.15 < p_T < 1.0 GeV/c. This leads to
an estimate of the baryo-chemical potential mu_B of 45 MeV, a factor of 5-6
smaller than in central Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 17.2 GeV.Comment: 4 page
Centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of elliptic flow for charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV
This paper describes the measurement of elliptic flow for charged particles
in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(sNN)=200 GeV using the PHOBOS detector at the
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The measured azimuthal anisotropy is
presented over a wide range of pseudorapidity for three broad collision
centrality classes for the first time at this energy. Two distinct methods of
extracting the flow signal were used in order to reduce systematic
uncertainties. The elliptic flow falls sharply with increasing eta at 200 GeV
for all the centralities studied, as observed for minimum-bias collisions at
sqrt(sNN)=130 GeV.Comment: Final published version: the most substantive change to the paper is
the inclusion of a complete description of how the errors from the hit-based
and track-based analyses are merged to produce the 90% C.L. errors quoted for
the combined results shown in Fig.
Pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the collective flow of charged particles in Au+Au collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 130 GeV
This paper describes the measurement of collective flow for charged particles
in Au+Au collisions at sqrt{s_NN}} = 130 GeV using the PHOBOS detector at the
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). An azimuthal anisotropy is observed in
the charged particle hit distribution in the PHOBOS multiplicity detector. This
anisotropy is presented over a wide range of pseudorapidity (eta) for the first
time at this energy. The size of the anisotropy (v_{2}) is thought to probe the
degree of equilibration achieved in these collisions. The result here,averaged
over momenta and particle species, is observed to reach 7% for peripheral
collisions at mid-rapidity, falling off with centrality and increasing |eta|.
Data are presented as a function of centrality for |eta|<1.0 and as a function
of eta, averaged over centrality, in the angular region -5.0<eta<5.3. These
results call into question the common assumption of longitudinal boost
invariance over a large region of rapidity in RHIC collisions.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter
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