Synthese van methionine bevattende peptiden via de sulfoxiden: Substance P and Motiline

Applied SciencesApplied Science

Past, present and future influences of functional magnetic resonance imaging on the development of psychology: A review of the literature

Neuroimaging has become increasingly important for psychology, especially in the studies of cognitive functions, and the past two decades have seen an enormous increase in functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) research. fMRI is one of the best neuroimaging methods ever devised, merging high spatial resolution with relatively high temporal resolution. fMRI has contributed significantly to integrating cognitive psychology and neuroscience into the interdisciplinary field of cognitive neuroscience. The capabilities of fMRI are being expanded to other fields as well, like social psychology, leading to the even more interdisciplinary field of social cognitive neuroscience. Although fMRI still has some limitations regarding temporal resolution and statistics, new insights in how to overcome these limitations look promising. In the near future, the capabilities of fMRI will probably be expanded even more, yielding new discoveries in even more fields of psychology. fMRI has expanded the boundaries of psychology, leading to new interdisciplinary fields of research in psychology, and psychology itself has promoted the development of fMRI by applying it to new experimental paradigms

Evaluating and improving ice sheet clouds, radiation, and precipitation in the Community Earth System Model

Clouds exert a pivotal control on the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheet and therefore their contribution to global sea level. Clouds transport moisture onto the marginal ice sheet, where steep topographic gradients force the air to rise and cool, inducing strong orographic precipitation and leaving the interior ice sheet dry (polar desert). Clouds further regulate the radiation balance at the surface and, consequently, surface melt. Depending on their frequency, phase, and structure, clouds not only mute incoming solar radiation but also enhance longwave radiation at the surface. With the advent of novel observations from space (CloudSat-CALIPSO) and in the field, we now have tools to start evaluating the representation of clouds, precipitation, and ice sheet surface radiation in climate models. Here we evaluate the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1(CAM5)) to represent (1) precipitation frequency and phase, using a CALIPSO cloud simulator; (2) cloud radiative effect comparing to a CloudSat-CALIPSO based product; and (3) snowfall amounts and surface mass balance, comparing to CloudSat, in-situ observations, and regional climate model results. After discussing outstanding cloud biases in CESM1(CAM5), we present our efforts to reduce these in the recently released version 2 (CESM2). We show that clouds are considerably better represented in CESM2, leading to improvements in surface radiation, melt, and surface mass balance, although biases in precipitation phase persist. Our work demonstrates the need for high-quality, long-term observations of clouds and their effect on the ice sheet surface to enable continued climate model improvement.Abstract A53D-03 presented at 2018 Fall Meeting, AGU, Washington, D.C., 10-14 Dec. Session: A53D Polar Atmospheric Processes and Their Interactions with Land, Ice, and Ocean IMathematical Geodesy and Positionin

Evaluating and improving ice sheet clouds, radiation, and precipitation in the Community Earth System Model

Clouds exert a pivotal control on the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheet and therefore their contribution to global sea level. Clouds transport moisture onto the marginal ice sheet, where steep topographic gradients force the air to rise and cool, inducing strong orographic precipitation and leaving the interior ice sheet dry (polar desert). Clouds further regulate the radiation balance at the surface and, consequently, surface melt. Depending on their frequency, phase, and structure, clouds not only mute incoming solar radiation but also enhance longwave radiation at the surface. With the advent of novel observations from space (CloudSat-CALIPSO) and in the field, we now have tools to start evaluating the representation of clouds, precipitation, and ice sheet surface radiation in climate models. Here we evaluate the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1(CAM5)) to represent (1) precipitation frequency and phase, using a CALIPSO cloud simulator; (2) cloud radiative effect comparing to a CloudSat-CALIPSO based product; and (3) snowfall amounts and surface mass balance, comparing to CloudSat, in-situ observations, and regional climate model results. After discussing outstanding cloud biases in CESM1(CAM5), we present our efforts to reduce these in the recently released version 2 (CESM2). We show that clouds are considerably better represented in CESM2, leading to improvements in surface radiation, melt, and surface mass balance, although biases in precipitation phase persist. Our work demonstrates the need for high-quality, long-term observations of clouds and their effect on the ice sheet surface to enable continued climate model improvement