A reordering-free multipath traffic engineering architecture for DiffServ-MPLS networks

We propose a novel traffic engineering architecture for IP networks with multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) backbones. In this architecture, two (primary and secondary) label switched paths (LSPs) are established among every pair of IP routers located at the edge of an MPLS cloud. Traffic between a source-destination pair is then split between the primary and secondary LSPs using an ABR-like explicit-rate feedback gathered from the network. Taking into consideration the packet reordering effect of packet-based load balancing schemes, we propose a novel traffic splitting mechanism that operates on a per-flow basis. We show, using a variety of scenarios, that deploying flow-based multipath traffic engineering not only provides significantly and consistently better throughput than that of a single path, but is also void of any packet reordering. © 2003 IEEE

Hydrogen sensors based on electrophoretically deposited Pd nanoparticles onto InP

Electrophoretic deposition of palladium nanoparticles prepared by the reverse micelle technique onto InP substrates is addressed. We demonstrate that the substrate pre-deposition treatment and the deposition conditions can extensively influence the morphology of the deposited palladium nanoparticle films. Schottky diodes based on these films show notably high values of the barrier height and of the rectification ratio giving evidence of a small degree of the Fermi level pinning. Moreover, electrical characteristics of these diodes are exceptionally sensitive to the exposure to gas mixtures with small hydrogen content

Effects of acetic acid on the viability of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. Is vinegar reliable enough to clean the vegetables?

Objectives: To investigate the effects of acetic acid on durable Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) eggs to determine the effective concentration of vinegar and the implementation period to render the consumption of raw vegetables more reliable. Methods: This experimental study was performed in May 2015 in the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. The A. lumbricoides eggs were divided into 2 groups. Eggs in the study group were treated with 1, 3, 5, and 10% acetic acid concentrations, and eggs in the control group were treated with Eosin. The eggs’ viability was observed at the following points in time during the experiment: 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Results: The 1% acetic acid was determined insufficient on the viability of Ascaris eggs. At the 30th minute, 3% acetic acid demonstrated 95% effectiveness, and at 5% concentration, all eggs lost their viability. Treatment of acetic acid at the ratio of 4.8% in 30 minutes, or a ratio of 4.3% in 60 minutes is required for full success of tretment. Conclusion: Since Ascaris eggs have 3 layers and are very resistant, the acetic acid concentration, which can be effective on these eggs are thought to be effective also on many other parasitic agents. In order to attain an active protection, after washing the vegetables, direct treatment with a vinegar containing 5% acetic acid for 30 minutes is essential

Ivermectin used in percutaneous drug injection method for the treatment of liver hydatid disease in sheep

Background & Aims: Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone (avermectins) produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. In this experimental study, the effectiveness of intracystic injection of ivermectin was studied as a new approach of percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis. Methods: Twelve naturally infected sheep were selected and divided into 2 subgroups: treatment group (n = 9) and control group (n = 3). In the treatment group, approximate volume of ivermectin solution needed to achieve an intracystic concentration of 10 mug/mL was injected into cysts, but in the control group, sterile distillated water was applied. No reaspiration was performed at all. Results: In the following period of 6 months, repeated sonography revealed a significant decrease in cyst sizes and progressive solidification of the cysts in the treatment group. In the control group, volumes of the cysts were increased. No major complications occurred during or after the procedure. After 6 months, all sheep were killed and examined for macroscopic and microscopic changes. Pathologic examination in the treatment group showed pericyst hyalinization, inflammatory cells in the cyst wall, degeneration of laminated and germinal membrane, and necrotic material in the cyst cavity. No viable protoscolices or daughter cysts were observed. Conclusions: Percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis with ivermectin as a scolicidal agent seems to be effective in this animal model

1,1 ',3,3 '-tetraalkyl-2,2 '-biperimidinylidenes: Unexpected substituent effects on the reactivity of carbon-carbon double bond

WOS: 000180824700013C-2 deprotonation of 1,3-dibutylperimidinium bromide (1a) with sodium hydride and a catalytic amount of potassium tert-butoxide in dry THF led to the formation of the exceptionally inert tetraaminoalkene 2a. In contrast, isostructural tetrakis(2-methoxyethyl)-tetraaminoalkene (2b) instantaneously reacted with O-2 to yield urea 3b, and silver nitrate was readily reduced with 2b to form a silver mirror. Compound 2a has been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies; the naphtho-pyrimidine skeleton imposes structural constraints and some rigidity to the C=C bonding. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

A new therapeutic approach for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis: percutaneous albendazole sulphoxide injection without reaspiration.

OBJECTIVE: In this experimental study, the effectiveness of intracystic injection of albendazole sulfoxide solution was investigated as a new approach to percutaneous treatment in liver hydatid disease. METHODS: Ten naturally infected sheep were selected and divided into two groups: a treatment group (n = 7), and a control group (n = 3). Intracystic injection of albendazole sulfoxide was performed in the first group, whereas the control group received intracystic distillated water injection instead. No reaspiration was performed in any group. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 6 months, serial sonographic examination revealed a significant decrease in the cyst size, progressive solidification, and complete separation of the germinal and the laminated membranes of hydatid cysts from the pericysts in the treatment group. In the control group, diameters and volumes of cysts were increased. All procedures were done without any complications. During the follow-up-period, liver function tests were normal. After 6 months, all sheep were killed and were examined for macroscopic and microscopic changes. Pathological examination showed pericyst hyalinization, inflammatory cells in the cyst wall, degeneration of laminated and germinal membranes, and necrotic material in the cyst cavity. No viable protoscoleces or daughter cysts were observed. CONCLUSION: Albendazole sulfoxide injection as a scolecidal agent in the percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis seems to be effective in this animal model. Further studies are suggested to evaluate the effectiveness of this procedure in human subjects

Percutaneous albendazole sulphoxide injection without reaspiration

OBJECTIVE: In this experimental study, the effectiveness of intracystic injection of albendazole sulfoxide solution was investigated as a new approach to percutaneous treatment in liver hydatid disease

Bacterial flora of Hirudo medicinalis and their antibiotic sensitivities in the middle Black Sea region, Turkey

The rate of infectious complications of leech therapy is almost 20% because Hirudo medicinalis has endosymbiotic bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial flora of H. medicinalis and their antibiotic sensitivities in a region in Turkey. Sixteen adult leeches were collected in Middle Black Sea region, Turkey. They were rubbed onto blood agar plates directly under ether anesthesia to obtain surface cultures. They were then killed to obtain mouth and gut cultures. Culture swabs were applied to blood agar, eosin methylene blue agar, and ampicillin blood agar plates. Gut contents were applied to blood culture medium as well. Bacteria were isolated in 15 of 16 leech surfaces, in 7 of 16 mouths, and in 15 of 16 guts. Isolated bacteria were identified with Analytical Profile Index 32 E and Analytical Profile Index 20 NE (fermentative and nonfermentative respectively). Most common types of cultured bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila (N = 25), Ochrobacter anthropi (N = 23), nonfermenting Gram-negative rods (N = 12), Acinetobacter Iwoffi (N = 3), and A. sobria (N = 2) in 73 isolates. A standard disk diffusion test was performed on isolated bacteria. All isolates were 100% susceptible to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and tri-methoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Because leeches are carriers of Aeromonas and other bacteria, appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis should be administrated to the patient who needs leech therapy. Antibacterial agents can be determined by the resistance pattern of the bacterial flora of regional H. medicinalis