Діагностика банкрутства в системі антикризового управління

Розглянуто питання відповідності і значимості діагностики фінансового стану кожної стадії антикризового управління. Діагностику банкрутства визначено як ретроспективне, оперативне і перспективне дослідження господарської діяльності та процесу управління підприємством, направлене на виявлення параметрів кризового розвитку за допомогою реалізації комплексу дослідницьких процедур, виявлення слабких ланок і "вузьких місць".Рассмотрены вопросы соответствия и значимости диагностики каждой стадии антикризисного управления. Диагностика банкротства определена как ретроспективное, оперативное и перспективное исследование хозяйственной деятельности и процесса управления предприятием, направленное на выявление параметров кризисного развития с помощью реализации комплекса исследовательских процедур, выявления слабых зон и «узких мест».The article analyzes issues of adequacy and role of diagnostics in all stage of anti-crisis management. The diagnostics of bankruptcy is defined as a retrospective, operative and prospective study of enterprise’s economic activity and management process that is directed to identification of parameters of crisis development by using comprehensive researches and to finding weak spots and "bottlenecks"

Diverse Bone Morphogenetic Protein Expression Profiles and Smad Pathway Activation in Different Phenotypes of Experimental Canine Mammary Tumors

BACKGROUND:BMPs are currently receiving attention for their role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Currently, most BMP expression studies are performed on carcinomas, and not much is known about the situation in sarcomas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We have investigated the BMP expression profiles and Smad activation in clones from different spontaneous canine mammary tumors. Spindle cell tumor and osteosarcoma clones expressed high levels of BMPs, in particular BMP-2, -4 and -6. Clones from a scirrhous carcinoma expressed much lower BMP levels. The various clones formed different tumor types in nude mice but only clones that expressed high levels of BMP-6 gave bone formation. Phosphorylated Smad-1/5, located in the nucleus, was detected in tumors derived from clones expressing high levels of BMPs, indicating an active BMP signaling pathway and BMP-2 stimulation of mammary tumor cell clones in vitro resulted in activation of the Smad-1/5 pathway. In contrast BMP-2 stimulation did not induce phosphorylation of the non-Smad pathway p38 MAPK. Interestingly, an increased level of the BMP-antagonist chordin-like 1 was detected after BMP stimulation of non-bone forming clones. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:We conclude that the specific BMP expression repertoire differs substantially between different types of mammary tumors and that BMP-6 expression most probably has a biological role in bone formation of canine mammary tumors

Mammary cancer and epithelial stem cells: a problem or a solution?

The existing paradigms for stem cells in adult tissues include the integument, the alimentary canal, the lung, the liver, skeletal muscle and bone marrow. The mammary gland, by contrast, is the 'new kid on the block'. What little is known about stem cells in the mammary gland indicates that they possess a prodigious capacity for self-renewal. More importantly, in rodents, they persist with undiminished reproductive vigor throughout the organism's lifetime without regard to age or reproductive history. Do these stem cells represent primary targets for mammary neoplasia? If so, what are the implications for prevention/therapy

Cell Hierarchy and Lineage Commitment in the Bovine Mammary Gland

The bovine mammary gland is a favorable organ for studying mammary cell hierarchy due to its robust milk-production capabilities that reflect the adaptation of its cell populations to extensive expansion and differentiation. It also shares basic characteristics with the human breast, and identification of its cell composition may broaden our understanding of the diversity in cell hierarchy among mammals. Here, Lin− epithelial cells were sorted according to expression of CD24 and CD49f into four populations: CD24medCD49fpos (putative stem cells, puStm), CD24negCD49fpos (Basal), CD24highCD49fneg (putative progenitors, puPgt) and CD24medCD49fneg (luminal, Lum). These populations maintained differential gene expression of lineage markers and markers of stem cells and luminal progenitors. Of note was the high expression of Stat5a in the puPgt cells, and of Notch1, Delta1, Jagged1 and Hey1 in the puStm and Basal populations. Cultured puStm and Basal cells formed lineage-restricted basal or luminal clones and after re-sorting, colonies that preserved a duct-like alignment of epithelial layers. In contrast, puPgt and Lum cells generated only luminal clones and unorganized colonies. Under non-adherent culture conditions, the puPgt and puStm populations generated significantly more floating colonies. The increase in cell number during culture provides a measure of propagation potential, which was highest for the puStm cells. Taken together, these analyses position puStm cells at the top of the cell hierarchy and denote the presence of both bi-potent and luminally restricted progenitors. In addition, a population of differentiated luminal cells was marked. Finally, combining ALDH activity with cell-surface marker analyses defined a small subpopulation that is potentially stem cell- enriched

P-cadherin expression in breast cancer: a review

P-cadherin is frequently over-expressed in high-grade invasive breast carcinomas and has been reported to be an enhancer of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, being correlated with tumour aggressiveness. In addition, expression of P-cadherin is well established as an indicator of poor prognosis in human breast cancer, which has stimulated our interest in studying its role in this setting. This review describes the most important findings on P-cadherin expression and function in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer cells, emphasizing that further research is required to elucidate the role played by this protein in human mammary tumours

Growth hormone induces tyrosyl phosphorylation of the transcription factors Stat5a and Stat5b in CMT-U335 canine mammary tumor cells.

It has now been well documented that the normal and tumorous canine mammary glands can be extra-pituitary sites of substantial growth hormone (GH) synthesis. Until now, attempts to reproduce the GH synthesis in-vitro using canine mammary explants or mammary tumor cells have not been successful. Therefore, the response of CMT-U335 canine mammary tumor cells to administered porcine GH (pGH) was investigated as an in-vitro model to study the possible effects of GH synthesis on this site. CMT-U335 cells spontaneously express the growth hormone receptor (GHR) as well as the prolactin receptor (PRLR). Twenty five minutes after administration, GH induced, in a dose-dependent manner, phosphorylation of the transcription factors Stat5a and Stat5b. Clear phosphorylation was induced by 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M pGH, with virtually no phosphorylation at 10(-9) M pGH. A similar dose-dependent phosphorylation of Stat5a by ovine prolactin was found in these cells. Although at high concentrations binding of pGH to the canine PRLR can occur (albeit with a low pKa), the similar dose-dependent effect of oPRL on Stat5a phosphorylation indicated that pGH signaled through the GHR. Remarkably, pGH induced a moderately decreased proliferation of CMT-U335 tumor cells, which may indicate that GH induces differentiation in these tumor cells. The GH-induced activation of Stat5a and Stat5b in these cells, as part of the JAK/Stat signal transduction pathway, is consistent with mammary GH playing a role in autocrine and/or paracrine stimulation of (tumorous) mammary cells

Transcriptomic profile of two canine mammary cancer cell lines with different proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential

J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 May;60 Suppl 1:95-106. Transcriptomic profile of two canine mammary cancer cell lines with different proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential. Krol M, Pawlowski KM, Skierski J, Rao NA, Hellmen E, Mol JA, Motyl T. Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland. [email protected]. The aim of the study was to identify the genes responsible for the high growth rate and antiapoptotic potential in selected canine mammary cancer cells. cDNA canine microarrays were used to compare the transcriptome in simple carcinoma CMT-U27 and spindle-cell tumor CMT-U309 cell lines. In CMT-U27 cell line the growth rate (shorter cell cycle), anti-apoptotic potential (higher expression of Bcl-2) was higher and spontaneous and induced apoptosis was lower. Comparison of transcriptomes revealed 333 genes which expression differed similarly. We focused on genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis, and selected 29 of them. The high growth rate and anti-apoptotic potential in CMT-U27 cells was associated with enhanced expression of genes (at the level of transcripts) involved in Ca(2+) signaling pathway (Calmodulin 1, 2, 3 and SPSB2) and growth hormone cellular pathway. The low-proliferative and pro-apoptotic phenotype of CMTU309 cells was more dependent on TGFbeta, neuregulin 1 pathways and adhesion-related molecules