Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (<i>Morus alba</i> L.) and black (<i>Morus nigra</i> L.) mulberry genotypes

Mulberries (Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity (p<0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars, fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.177 and 7.700 g/100g and 5.337 and 8.573 g/100g in all mulberry genotypes, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remarkably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167 to 14.400 µ mol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170 to 9.273 µmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin was the main phenolic compound

Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes

Mulberries (Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity (p<0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars, fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.177 and 7.700 g/100g and 5.337 and 8.573 g/100g in all mulberry genotypes, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remarkably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167 to 14.400 µ mol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170 to 9.273 µmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin was the main phenolic compound.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Julius Kühn-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen. The published article can be found at: http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/JABFQ/indexKeywords: bioactive content, genotypic effect, mulberr

Agricultural Academy

Abstract DOGAN, I. S., O. YIlDIz, E. EYDurAN and S. KOSE, 2011. A study on determination of functional food consumption habits and awareness of consumers in Turkey. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., The survey study was to determine the status of knowledge about functional foods, the factors influencing consumer preferences in the purchase and their expectations in Turkey. A total of 389 persons, 288 men and 101 women ranging from 10 to 70 ages were participated in the study. Participants&apos; level of awareness about functional foods was found to be approximately 40%. In general, it was determined that these foods were consumed little by almost half (51.34%) of those participated to the survey. It was also found that women and especially participants ranging from 20 to 40 years-old consumed more functional foods than the rest of participants. As a result, it was concluded that education, income level, product price, compliance with religious sensitivities, the presence of artificial food additives and genetic modification were to be effective on functional food choice

Polymorphic Signature of the Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2,2′- {[1,2-Phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(sulfanediyl)}bis(4,6- dimethylnicotinonitrile)

Weak noncovalent interactions are the basic forces in crystal engineering. Polymorphism in flexible molecules is very common, leading to the development of the crystals of same organic compounds with different medicinal and material properties. Crystallization of 2,2′- {[1,2-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(sulfanediyl)}bis(4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile) by evaporation at room temperature from ethyl acetate and hexane and from methanol and ethyl acetate gave stable polymorphs 4a and 4b, respectively, while in acetic acid, it gave metastable polymorph 4c. The polymorphic behavior of the compound has been visualized through singlecrystal X-ray and Hirshfeld analysis. These polymorphs are tested for anti-inflammatory activity via the complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced rat paw model, and compounds have exhibited moderate activities. Studies of docking in the catalytic site of cyclooxygenase-2 were used to identify potential anti-inflammatory lead compounds. These results suggest that the supramolecular aggregate structure, which is formed in solution, influences the solid state structure and the biological activity obtained upon crystallization

Estimation of fruit weight by cane traits for various raspberries (Rubus ideaus L.) cultivars

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. The raspberries contain significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants such as anthocyanin pigmentslinked to potential health protection against several human diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate fruit weight by their cane traits (the number of canes, cane height, cane diameter, and caneyield) for Aksu Red, Canby, Heritage I, Heritage II, Holland Dwarf, Nuburg, Rubin, Summit, Tulameen, and Willamette cultivars grown in Central Anatolia region during 2002 - 2006. For this aim, average fruitweight (dependent variable) for each cultivar was estimated by independent variables such as the number of cane, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield using Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA).The results clearly show that cultivars having the best fit (giving the best R2 values and the lowest RMSE) in MRA were: Holland Dwarf (99.64%), followed by Heritage I (99.06%), Summit (98.6%) Aksu Red(92.82%), Willamette (92.68%), Heritage I (90.46%), Rubin (90.28%) and Canby (85.45%). Multiple Regression Modeling gave good results for these cultivars. However, R2 values of these cultivars werefound higher (better fit) than those of Nuburg and Tulameen cultivars. It was concluded that the number of canes had significant negative effect on fruit weights of Heritage (P < 0.05) and Summit (P < 0.001)cultivars, but significant positive effect on only fruit weight of Rubin cultivar (P < 0.05). Cane height had significant positive effect on fruit weights of Aksu Red (P < 0.001), and Summit (P < 0.001) cultivars,while it had significant negative effect on fruit weights of Canby (P < 0.05) and Heritage I (P < 0.05). Cane diameter had significant positive effect on fruit weights of Aksu Red (P < 0.001), Heritage I (

Estimation of fruit weight by cane traits for eight American blackberries (Rubus fructicosus L.) cultivars

The present paper aimed to estimate fruit weight by their cane traits (the number of cane, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield) for eight American blackberry cultivars (namely, Ness, Cherokee,Arapaho, Chester Thornless, Navaho, Black Satin, Dirksen Thornless and Cv. Jumbo) grown in Central Anatolia during 2002 - 2006. For this aim, average of fruit weight (dependent variable) for each cultivarwas estimated by independent variables such as the number of cane, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield in Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). With respect to determination coefficients for eachcultivar, it is clear that cultivars having the best fit (giving the best R2 values) in MRA were found to be Black Satin (99.40%), Ness (99.16%), Navaho (96.46%), Dirksen Thornless (96.22%), Chester Thornless (91.92%), and Cv. Jumbo (91.26%), which meant that most (almost 100%) variation in fruit weight for these cultivars was explained by the number of cane, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield. However, corresponding values for Arapaho and Cherokee cultivars was estimated as 2.88% and 33.2% of the total variation in fruit weight. It was concluded that number of canes had positive-significant effect on fruit weights of Dirksen Thornless (P < 0.001) and Cv. Jumbo (

Adaptation of eight American blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.) cultivars for Central Anatolia

Blackberry is an important fruit plant cultivated for its delicious fruit throughout Europe and America. Although the fruit has wide acceptance in Turkey, it is not cultivated on large scale. The study aimed toevaluate the performance of Arapaho, Black Satin, Cherokee, Chester Thornless, Dirksen Thornless, Jumbo, Navaho and Loch Ness cultivars of American origin for adaptation under Central Anatolian conditions at Ankara during 2002 - 06. The results showed that changes in the environmental conditions affected yield, performance of number of canes, cane length, cane diameter, yield per plant, fruit weight and total acid content (g/l) significantly. Overall comparison of the results showed that cv. Chester Thornless is most suitable for the environmental conditions of Central Anatolia

Comparison of different covariance structure used for experimental design with repeated measurement

This study was conducted to compare performance of univariate and multivariate approaches used for analyzing experiments with repeated measurement and determine the best covariance structure for the data studied. In this study, univariate ANOVA, Geisser-Greenhouse Epsilon and Huynth-Feldt Epsilon were used as univariate approaches while profile analysis, Containment, Satterthwaite and Kenward-Roger approaches in general linear mixed model were applied as multivariate approaches. Annual amounts of wheat production from 65 provinces in seven geographical regions of Turkey from 1982 to 1999 were used as research material. A total of 1170 production values were obtained. In General Linear Model, nine various covariance structures (CS, CSH, UN, HF, AR (1), ARH (1), ANTE (1), TOEP and TOEPH) were applied. AIC and AICC criteria were used to determine the most appropriate covariance pattern for fitting data. In the study, "spherity assumption" for amounts of wheat production of provinces was violated. Application of Containment, Satterthwaite and Kenward-Roger approaches in general linear model and determination of covariance structure with the best fit were provided. According to AIC and AICC fitting criteria, it was determined that CS covariance structure gave the best fit to data set. As a result, covariance structure is compound symmetry (CS) in standard univariate ANOVA, and unstructured (UN) covariance structure in MANOVA. However, determination of the most appropriate covariance structure for data set is possible in multivariate general linear model. Containment, Satterthwaite, and Kenward-Roger approaches gave similar results since total sample size was sufficient. On the other hand, usage of Containment, Satterthwaite and Kenward-Roger approaches in analyzing experiments with repeated measurement were suggested to allow selection of the most suitable covariance structure for data set

The effect of different applications on fruit yield characteristics of strawberries cultivated under Van ecological condition

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of different applications on fruit yield, fruit number, fruit index and soluble solid content of strawberries grown in Van ecological conditions during the years 2009-2010. In the study, low plastic tunnel and open field conditions were tested in a field experiment using Aromas, Camarosa, and Sweet Charlie strawberry cultivars. Statistical analysis of the quantitative traits such as fruit yield, fruit number, fruit index and soluble solid content was performed using two-way ANOVA (Factorial design) with three replications in order to determine the influence of the cultivar (C), application (A), and cultivar by application (CxA) interaction on these four yield traits examined. Coefficients of determination (R2%) for fruit yield, fruit number, fruit index and soluble solid content were found as 38.23 (%), 54.73 (%), 81.63(%) and 52.38 (%), respectively. Application factor significantly influenced only fruit yield (P&lt;0.05), but it did not affect other traits. Significant effect of cultivar on fruit index (P&lt;0.01) and soluble solid content (P&lt;0.05) was observed. Application by cultivar interaction effect statistically influenced only fruit index (P&lt;0.01). Low plastic tunnel gave higher value in fruit yield as compared with open field conditions in the study, but there was no significant difference in the rest of the traits with the exception of fruit yield between both applications. In fruit index, Camarosa had the highest value statistically for open field conditions compared to other cultivars, which was statistically similar to each other, but for low plastic tunnel, there were not significant differences among these three cultivars. Sweet Charlie cultivar (8.25%) producing the highest soluble solid content (SSC) amount was different from the SSC amount of Aromas cultivar, which was similar in SSC amount to Camarosa cultivar. It was concluded in the present study that, low plastic tunnel application (475.03 g/plant) positively affected fruit yield compared to open field application (405.64 g/plant) under Van ecological condition, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey