Animal Health and Productivity Status of Cattle After The Eruption of Mount Merapi

The eruption of Merapi from October 26th to November 6th, 2010 has affected social life and environment around the Merapi. The eruption has caused destruction of land and water resources, plants, death of animals and human casualities. The lava, dust and stones released from the eruption of Merapi had caused residential destruction, casualities, agricultural land and plants destruction, and contamination of water. The eruption has directly affected 4 districts including Sleman (Yogyakarta), Magelang, Boyolali and Klaten (Central Java) categorized as Disaster Risk Area (DRA). The purpose of this assessment is to analyse the impacts of Merapi eruption in animal health and productivity in particular for dairy and beef cattle. A total of 2.828 heads of cattle was reported died during the eruption of Merapi, and 1.962 heads died at the time of eruption and 36 heads at the arrival on evacuation areas. Animal that found died including 423 heads of beef cattle (0.13%) and 2.405 heads of dairy cattle (3.2%). Clinical sains noted after the eruption were reduction of milk production, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, respiratory disturbances, mastitis and collapse. The main problems for livestock were reduction of milk production, collapse of dairy milk corporation activities and contamination of water resources. Other than dairy cattle mortality, the reduction of milk production may be caused by subclinical mastitis and environmental distress due to temperature and noise of eruption for few days. The subclinical mastitis should be further investigated to establish rehabilitation programme for dairy milk agribussiness activity in particular around the DRA of Merapi. Key words: Health, productivity, cattle, disaster, Merap

Fasciolasis Pada Domba dan Kambing di Rumah Potong Hewan Kotamadya Bogor

Telah dilakukan penelitian fasciolasis pada domba dan kambing yang dipotong & Rurnah Potong Hewan Kotamadya Bogor pada bulan November sarnpai Desember 1992. Sebanyak 192 ekor domba dan kambing telah diamati terhadap kejadian fasciolasis pada organ hatinya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pemeriksaan berdasarkan skoring derajat kerusakan pada organ hati dengan melihat gambaran makroskoplk dan mikroskopik.Hasil pemeriksaan rnakroskopik diperoleh 14,06% menunjukkan gambaran hati normal dan 85.94% terinfeksi yaitu 76,04% terinfeksi akut dan 9.88% terinfeksi kronis.Sedangkan gambaran mikroskopik organ hati yang terinfeksi secara akut adalah perdarahan. degenerasi sel hati, peradangan dan proliferasi buluh empedu. infiltrasi selradang. dan admya 'globula leucocvte' pada mukosa buluh empedu. Pada infeksi kronis tampak fokus-fokus radang granuloma, mineralisasi dan fibrosis.

Improvement of Public Awareness on Fasciolosis as Zoonosis Disease

Fasciolosis is commonly suffered by the ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes, and as one of the most important parasitic disease . The prevalence of fasciolosis in ruminants is related to the contaminated feedstuff and water supply with metacercariae, the infective larvae of trematode genus Fasciola spp ., such as Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease in ruminants could be up to 90%, and there is no case report on human being . However, the occurrence of this disease in human should be anticipated, since many cases have been reported in human in the other countries, such as South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia (Thailand and Vietnam), as "Food-borne infection" and as one of the most important issues in public health . Ironically, the farmers and the extension agents in Indonesia do not aware on the danger of this disease neither to the animals nor to human, so they also do not care on how to prevent and control the disease. This phenomenon appears maybe because fasciolosis is a chronic disease without any significant clinical signs and quite difficult to be detected . Thus, it is very important to improve the public awareness on fasciolosis both in ruminants and its possibility in human being . The endemic areas can be defined by epidemiological surveillance using accurate early diagnostic test, so that strategic and sustainable fasciolosis control in the endemic areas could be implemented . This program will be succeeded if there is strong integrated collaboration among the farmers, the extension agents, the researchers and the decision makers in the related departments . Key words : Fasciolosis, zoonosis, public awarenes

(the Effect of Reconstitution Temperature for Local Isolates of Enterobacter Sakazakii (Cronobacter SP.) From Powdered Infant Formula and Weaning Food)

Enterobacter sakazakii (recently know as novel genus Cronobacter sp.) is opportunistic bacteria which can cause severe meningitis in neonates. Eight isolates of E.sakazakii which previously isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) and weaning food were tested foe their ability to survive during reconstitution with water having various temperatures, and their fate during hang time in comparison with 7 isolates previously described by Estuningsih and E. sakazakii ATCC 352/7. reconstitution with 100 C water decreased he number of bacteria of most isolates to undetectable level, while with 40 C and 4 C water did not reduce the bacterial number significantly. Using water of 70 C, reconstitution decreased the number of bacteria of 10 isolates to undectable levels; however 6 isolates survived the reconstitution temperatures. The hang time test showed that some bacteria which were not detected after reconstitution with 70 C water became detectable after 2 hours. Those surviving reconstitution with 70 C well during hang time for 2 to 8 hours

Animal Health and Productivity Status of Cattle After The Eruption of Mount Merapi

The eruption of Merapi from October 26th to November 6th, 2010 has affected social life and environment around the Merapi. The eruption has caused destruction of land and water resources, plants, death of animals and human casualities. The lava, dust and stones released from the eruption of Merapi had caused residential destruction, casualities, agricultural land and plants destruction, and contamination of water. The eruption has directly affected 4 districts including Sleman (Yogyakarta), Magelang, Boyolali and Klaten (Central Java) categorized as Disaster Risk Area (DRA). The purpose of this assessment is to analyse the impacts of Merapi eruption in animal health and productivity in particular for dairy and beef cattle. A total of 2.828 heads of cattle was reported died during the eruption of Merapi, and 1.962 heads died at the time of eruption and 36 heads at the arrival on evacuation areas. Animal that found died including 423 heads of beef cattle (0.13%) and 2.405 heads of dairy cattle (3.2%). Clinical sains noted after the eruption were reduction of milk production, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, respiratory disturbances, mastitis and collapse. The main problems for livestock were reduction of milk production, collapse of dairy milk corporation activities and contamination of water resources. Other than dairy cattle mortality, the reduction of milk production may be caused by subclinical mastitis and environmental distress due to temperature and noise of eruption for few days. The subclinical mastitis should be further investigated to establish rehabilitation programme for dairy milk agribussiness activity in particular around the DRA of Merapi

Evidence for a major gene determining the resistance of Indonesian Thin Tail sheep against Fasciola gigantica

The genetic basis of the high resistance of Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep against Fasciola gigantica has been studied by measuring the resistance levels of ITT sheep, St. Croix sheep and their F and F crossbreds. All of the sheep were bred and reared in the same environment. Approximately half of the F and F crossbreds were as resistant as the ITT parental breed, one-quarter had the low resistance of the St. Croix parental breed and the rest had an intermediate level of resistance. It is concluded that the high resistance is determined by a major gene with incomplete dominance. The prevalence of the gene in the ITT sheep population is estimated to be about 90%. The resistance may be innate or acquired; but, regardless of the mechanism, it could be used to control fasciolosis caused by F. gigantica by breed substitution or by crossbreeding with other breeds of sheep

Kit comercial de ELISA® para a detecção de coproantígenos e exame coproparasitológico em bovinos com fígados condenados por fasciolose Commercial ELISA® kit for detection of coproantigen and coproparasitological method in bovine livers with fascioliasis convicted

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo comparar um kit comercial de ELISA para a detecção de coproantígenos e um exame coproparasitológico de sedimentação utilizando-se como padrão ouro o diagnóstico da inspeção de fígados bovinos ao abate. Além disso, avaliou-se a correlação entre a intensidade parasitária mensurada pela contagem de ovos nas fezes e a de parasitos ao abate. Foram coletadas as fezes e avaliados macroscopicamente os fígados de 81 bovinos, dos quais 45 tiveram os fígados condenados por fasciolose hepática ao abate, nos quais se realizou a contagem dos parasitos. Duas frações de cada amostra de fezes coletadas foram separadas e uma delas foi armazenada em congelador para posterior realização do ELISA e a outra processada segundo uma técnica de sedimentação fecal para diagnóstico de ovos de Fasciola hepatica. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o qui-quadrado de McNemar foram utilizados, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Em oito fígados bovinos condenados por apresentarem lesões características de fasciolose, não foram encontrados exemplares do parasito. O exame coproparasitológico e o ELISA para detecção de coproantígenos, respectivamente, apresentaram sensibilidade de 51,11% e 75,55%, especificidade de 100% e 91,66%, valor preditivivo positivo de 100% e 91,89%, valor preditivo negativo de 62% e 75% e kappa de 0,48 e 0,65. Os resultados obtidos pelo kit ELISA comercial não diferiram (P=0,06) dos obtidos ao abate, mas o exame coproparasitológico diferiu (P<0,0001) do abate na detecção de animais positivos. A correlação entre o número de parasitos no fígado e o número de ovos nas fezes é moderada (rs=0,5757, P<0,0001). O kit ELISA comercial foi mais sensível do que o exame coproparasitológico, embora este não deva ser descartado devido a sua eficiência.<br>The aim of this study was to compare a commercial ELISA kit for detection on coproantigen examination and fecal sedimentation using as gold standard inspection diagnosis of bovine livers at slaughter. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between the measured intensity of infection by counting eggs in the feces and the parasites in bovine livers. Feces were collected and evaluated macroscopically of 81 cattle livers, 45 of which had livers condemned by liver flukes and in these livers parasites were counted. Two fractions of stool samples collected were separated and one stored in freezer for further ELISA and other one processed according to sedimentation technique for diagnosis Fasciola hepatica. The Spearman correlation and McNemar chi-square were used, adopting the significance of 5%. In eight bovine livers condemned by the characteristic lesions of fascioliasis parasite were not found. The stool examinations and ELISA testing for detection coproantigen, respectively, had sensitivity of 51.11% and 75.55%, specificity of 100% and 91,66%, predictive positive value was 100% and 91.89%, predictive negative value 62% and 75% and kappa 0.48 and 0.65. The results obtained by commercial® ELISA kit did not differ (P=0,06) obtained at slaughterhouse, but the stool examinations differed (P<0.0001) in the detection of the positive animals. The correlation between the number of parasites in the liver and the number of eggs in the feces was moderate (rs=0.5757, P<0.0001). The commercial ELISA kit® was more sensitive than the fecal test, althought this one shoud not be discarded because of their efficiency