Impulsive and risky decision-making in adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The need for a developmental perspective

Item does not contain fulltextImpulsive and risky decision-making peaks in adolescence, and is consistently associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), regardless of age. In this brief review, we demonstrate the similarity of theoretical models explaining impulsive and risky decision-making that originate in two relatively distinct literatures (i.e. on adolescence and on ADHD). We summarize research thus far and conclude that the presence of ADHD during adolescence further exacerbates the tendency that is already present in adolescents to make impulsive and risky decisions. We also conclude that much is still unknown about the developmental trajectories of individuals with ADHD with regard to impulsive and risky decision-making, and we therefore provide several hypotheses that warrant further longitudinal research.7 p

The global diffusion of inequality since 1970

Since 1970 income inequality has been stable or rising in almost every country in the world. It has not, however, risen at the same time or at the same rate throughout the world. This suggests the globalization, skills premium, and technological change explanations that prevail in the economics literature are likely incorrect, since all of these processes should in principle have relatively uniform global impacts. Instead, the timing and geo-cultural patterns of rising inequality bear the hallmarks of a diffusion model. Inequality has not arisen simultaneously around the world; it has "spread" from country to country in recognizable and sensible patterns. The diffusion model offers a simple, intuitively-appealing alternative to extraordinarily complex regression models of rising inequality. Diffusion can occur either through emulation (a macrophenomenological mechanism) or through coercion (a macrorealist mechanism). These two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Either or both can be used by national elites to effect major changes of policy regime. Diffusion by emulation and diffusion by coercion are two macro-level mechanisms that can be used as a template for understanding the implementation of inequality-increasing social and economic policies in diverse countries around the world. They can be differentiated through examination of the micro-level mechanisms through which diffusion occurred in specific historical cases. This injection of agency into the inequality debates requires extensive microlevel work on individual countries, but the clear existence of macro-level trends suggests that this micro-level work should be done within the context of some form of macro-level diffusion model.Collective Behavior & Social Movements section of the American Sociological Association, the Development Sociology section of the American Sociological Association, the Human Rights section of the American Sociological Association, the RC02 (Economy and Society) of the International Sociological Association and the School of Social & Political Sciences of the University of Sydney

A utility-based suitability framework for integrated local-scale land-use modelling

AbstractModels that simulate land-use patterns often use either inductive, data-driven approaches or deductive, theory-based methods to describe the relative strength of the social, economic and biophysical forces that drive the various sectors in the land system. An integrated framework is proposed here that incorporates both approaches based on a unified assessment for local land suitability following a monetary, utility-based logic. The framework is illustrated with a hedonic pricing analysis of urban land values and a net present value assessment for agricultural production system in combination with statistics-based assessments of land suitability for other sectors.The results show that limited difference exists between the most commonly applied inductive approaches that use either multinomial or binomial logistic regression specifications of suitability. Land-use simulations following the binomial regression based suitability values that were rescaled to bid prices (reflecting relative competitiveness) perform better for all individual land-use types. Performance improves even further when a land value based description of urban bid prices is added to this approach. Interestingly enough the better fitting description of suitability for urban areas also improves the ability of the model to simulate correct locations for business estates and greenhouses.The simulation alternatives that consider the net present values for agricultural types of land use show the relevance of this approach for understanding the spatial distribution of these types of land use. The combined use of urban land values and net present values for agricultural land use in defining land suitability performs best in our validation exercise. The proposed methodology can also be used to incorporate information from other research frameworks that describe the utility of land for different types of use