14 research outputs found
Evaluating the extent and impact of the extreme Storm Gloria on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows
Extreme storms can trigger abrupt and often lasting changes in ecosystems by affecting foundational (habitat-forming) species. While the frequency and intensity of extreme events are projected to increase under climate change, its impacts on seagrass ecosystems remain poorly documented. In January 2020, the Spanish Mediterranean coast was hit by Storm Gloria, one of the most devastating recent climate events in terms of intensity and duration. We conducted rapid surveys of 42 Posidonia oceanica meadows across the region to evaluate the extent and type of impact (burial, unburial and uprooting). We investigated the significance of oceanographic (wave impact model), geomorphological (latitude, depth, exposure), and structural (patchiness) factors in predicting impact extent and intensity. The predominant impact of Storm Gloria was shoot unburial. More than half of the surveyed sites revealed recent unburial, with up to 40âŻcm of sediment removed, affecting over 50âŻ% of the meadow. Burial, although less extensive, was still significant, with 10â80âŻ% of meadow cover being buried under 7âŻcm of sediment, which is considered a survival threshold for P. oceanica. In addition, we observed evident signs of recently dead matte in some meadows and large amounts of detached drifting shoots on the sea bottom or accumulated as debris on the beaches. Crucially, exposed and patchy meadows were much more vulnerable to the overall impact than sheltered or continuous meadows. Given how slow P. oceanica is able to recover after disturbances, we state that it could take from decades to centuries for it to recoup its losses. Seagrass ecosystems play a vital role as coastal ecological infrastructure. Protecting vulnerable meadows from anthropogenic fragmentation is crucial for ensuring the resilience of these ecosystems in the face of the climate crisis.This study was funded by the CSIC project âEffects of storm Gloria on the western Mediterranean meadows (202030E052) and âStorms of change: as phenomena extreme weather alters Mediterranean coastal ecosystems, their services and their perception by society" (PID2020-113745RB-I00), state program of I+D+I Oriented to the Challenges of the Society and within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the "Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellenceâ accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). We want to thank the SPAS (Society of Fishing and Underwater Activities of MatarĂł) and the MatarĂł City Council, which has financed 25 years of the Alguer de MatarĂł project
European Red List of Habitats Part 1. Marine habitats
The European Red List of Habitats provides an overview of the risk of collapse (degree of endangerment) of marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats in the European Union (EU28) and adjacent regions (EU28+), based on a consistent set of categories and criteria, and detailed data and expert knowledge from involved countries1. A total of 257 benthic marine habitat types were assessed. In total, 19% (EU28) and 18% (EU28+) of the evaluated habitats were assessed as threatened in categories Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable. An additional 12% were Near Threatened in the EU28 and 11% in the EU28+. These figures are approximately doubled if Data Deficient habitats are excluded. The percentage of threatened habitat types differs across the regional seas. The highest proportion of threatened habitats in the EU28 was found in the Mediterranean Sea (32%), followed by the North-East Atlantic (23%), the Black Sea (13%) and then the Baltic Sea (8%). There was a similar pattern in the EU28+. The most frequently cited pressures and threats were similar across the four regional seas: pollution (eutrophication), biological resource use other than agriculture or forestry (mainly fishing but also aquaculture), natural system modifications (e.g. dredging and sea defence works), urbanisation and climate change. Even for habitats where the assessment outcome was Data Deficient, the Red List assessment process has resulted in the compilation of a substantial body of useful information to support the conservation of marine habitats
Near Field Probes: from optical fibers to optical nanoantennas
This chapter reports a broad overview of near-field optical probes. They represent the
key components for the performance of the scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM).
In this frame, we consider the two main classes of sensors: aperture and apertureless probes.
In particular, attention is focused on optical fiber probes and on nanoantenna probes. Recent
developments in the improvement of optical throughput and in the control of the near field
polarization state are reported. The electromagnetic field distributions of the nanometric optical
source, as well as the fabrication methods are dealt with. In order to provide a clear, complete
and comprehensive description of the technique, brief explanations of the working principles
of the SNOM and conventional microscopy are given. Finally, this chapter is tale about recent
SNOM applications that have been widened thanks to the improved features of the probes
Near Field Probes: from optical fibers to optical nanoantennas
This chapter reports a broad overview of near-field optical probes. They represent the
key components for the performance of the scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM).
In this frame, we consider the two main classes of sensors: aperture and apertureless probes.
In particular, attention is focused on optical fiber probes and on nanoantenna probes. Recent
developments in the improvement of optical throughput and in the control of the near field
polarization state are reported. The electromagnetic field distributions of the nanometric optical
source, as well as the fabrication methods are dealt with. In order to provide a clear, complete
and comprehensive description of the technique, brief explanations of the working principles
of the SNOM and conventional microscopy are given. Finally, this chapter is tale about recent
SNOM applications that have been widened thanks to the improved features of the probes
The pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) reaches Minorca, Balearic Islands
We report on the presence of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach,
1814) in two sheltered areas of the island of Minorca, MaĂł Harbour and Fornells Bay. Shallow
depths (0-1.5 m) have been surveyed by free diving. Living oysters have been found in only 4 of
the 22 surveyed sites, with densities ranging between 2.12 oysters·100 m-2 and 0.12
oysters·100 m-2, which indicates that the species is currently non-invasive. Average shell length
in the observed specimens was 60.2 ± 13.9 mm (mean ± SD). According to the size of the
oldest specimen found and the reports of a shellfish farmer from the MaĂł Harbour, date of
introduction should be around year 2016. Since the introduction is recent, attention must be
paid to the future spread of this species, regarding its high invasive capacity in several Eastern
Mediterranean localities.Peer reviewe
Aggregation Behavior of Protoporphyrin IX in Aqueous Solutions: Clear Evidences of Vesicles Formation
The aggregation behavior of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous solution, as a function of pH and ionic strength, has been studied by means of UV/vis, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and resonant light scattering (RLS) techniques. Our experimental results agree with previous literature assignments: (i) protoporphyrin IX is a monomer in the pH range 0-3, (ii) a dimer is present for pH > 8, and (iii) higher aggregates are present in the pH range 3-7. Addition of sodium chloride up to 0.3 M to a porphyrin solution at pH 12 gives a process resembling a phase transition, whereas it has little effect on acidic or neutral solutions. The apparent split Soret band observed in the intermediate pH range has been explained using a model in which dimers of porphyrins (with a slip angle alpha = 38degrees or 52degrees, as derived from depolarized RLS measurements) are the basic units and they interact axially through pi-pi stacking and laterally by edge-to-edge hydrophobic contacts. The half neutralization of the carboxylic acid side chains is responsible for the occurrence of a network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which contribute to a better stabilization of the supramolecular assembly. Evaporation on a glass surface of solutions containing protoporphyrin IX aggregates from samples at intermediate pH leads to aggregates stable enough to be investigated for the first time through scanning electron (SEM) and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). These species evidence a prolate shape with an average size of 200-500 nm and a medium height of 60 nm, which is in agreement with the hydrodynamic radii as measured in solution by dynamic light scattering. On consideration of the amphiphilic character of protoporphyrin IX, these observations suggest the formation of multilamellar or onion-like vesicles. The analysis of the SNOM images points to the presence of regions in which the aggregation process resulted in a thin film covering the vesicles. An analysis of SEM experiments reveals also the contemporary presence of large regions in which the vesicles collapse in a continuum layered structure
Local-scale climatic refugia offer sanctuary for a habitat-forming species during a marine heatwave
Gradual climate change and discrete extreme climatic events have driven shifts in the structure of populations and the distribution of species in many marine ecosystems. The most profound impacts of recent warming trends have been generally observed at species' warm edges and on large conspicuous species. However, given that different species and populations exhibit different responses to warming, and that responses are highly variable at regional scales, there is a need to broaden the evidence to include less conspicuous species and to focus on both local- and regional-scale processes.
We examined the population dynamics of canopy-forming seaweed populations situated at the core range of their distribution during a regional marine heatwave (MHW) event that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea in 2015, to determine between-site variability in relation to the intensity of the MHW. We combined field observations with a thermo-tolerance experiment to elucidate mechanisms underlying observed responses.
Despite our study populations are located in the species core range, the MHW was concomitant with a high mortality and structural shifts in only one of the two surveyed populations, most likely due to differences in habitat characteristics between sites (e.g. degree of shelter and seawater transfer). The experiment showed high mortalities at temperatures of 28°C, having the most severe implications for early life stages and fertility, which is consistent with warming being the cause of population changes in the field. Crucially, the regional-scale quantification of the MHW (as described by satellite-derived SSTs) did not capture local-scale variation in MHW conditions at the study sites, which likely explained variation in population-level responses to warming.
Synthesis. Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, often highly impacted by human perturbations, are also global hotspots for ocean warming and are highly susceptible to future MHWs. Our findings highlight that local-scale variability in the magnitude of extreme climatic events can lead to local extinctions of already fragmented populations of habitat-forming seaweeds, even towards the species' core range. However, our results highlight the potential for local-scale climatic refugia, which could be identified and managed to safeguard the persistence of canopy-forming seaweeds
Morphologic variations in bacteria under stress conditions: Near- field optical studies
The morphologic and structural variations suffered by cells of a population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 under stress conditions were investigated by using scanning near-field optical microscopy. The analysis of the images, supported by microbiological data, showed that the bacteria evolved from the initial distribution of rod-shaped cells of standard size to a population with structural and morphologic modifications. The detection of variations in the optical reflectivity over a sub-wavelength scale (less than or equal to 100 nm), combined with the concurrently acquired topographical signal, allowed the visualisation of rod-shaped bacteria going towards a lytic process and entire "U"-shaped cells. In the latter cells, which derived from a morphology refolding of rod bacteria, cellular matter seemed to rearrange itself to attain a coccoid stress resistant form, responsible for the residual viability of the population