Effect of liming and fertilizers on the growth and nutrition of 12-month old Teak (Tectona grandis L.) grown on acidic soil of Peru

Peru has a great potential for forestry plantations, nevertheless, importations of this type of products are getting very expensive. Soils under forest are acidic and infertile to support sustainable economically valuable forest tree species such as teak.  Information is lacking on proper fertility management in forest plantations such as teak. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the effect of lime, and organic and inorganic fertilizers on the early growth and nutrient composition of 12-month old teak grown on acidic soil of Peru. The soil under field study was acidic with a pH of 4.99, low in fertility. A factorial design of 2x3: Lime (No Lime and Liming) and fertilizer (organic, inorganic and mixture), with 9 repetitions was adopted. Tree biometric parameters (height, diameter, biomass) and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn foliar concentrations were determined during early the growth of teak. Treatments with addition of dolomite lime favored higher biometric parameters, and use of organic fertilizers promoted more growth than inorganic fertilizers. In the case of nutrients, no major differences were observed between limed and unlimed treatments while organic fertilizer promoted Ca, K and S nutrition. The results show that the application of lime and organic fertilizers is essential for the successful management and establishment of teak plants in acidic soils of Peru

Genome sequence and effectorome of Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri subpopulations

Background: The hemibiotrophic pathogens Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches' broom disease) and Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot disease) are among the most important pathogens of cacao. Moniliophthora perniciosa has a broad host range and infects a variety of meristematic tissues in cacao plants, whereas M. roreri infects only pods of Theobroma and Herrania genera. Comparative pathogenomics of these fungi is essential to understand Moniliophthora infection strategies, therefore the detection and in silico functional characterization of effector candidates are important steps to gain insight on their pathogenicity. Results: Candidate secreted effector proteins repertoire were predicted using the genomes of five representative isolates of M. perniciosa subpopulations (three from cacao and two from solanaceous hosts), and one representative isolate of M. roreri from Peru. Many putative effectors candidates were identified in M. perniciosa: 157 and 134 in cacao isolates from Bahia, Brazil; 109 in cacao isolate from Ecuador, 92 and 80 in wild solanaceous isolates from Minas Gerais (Lobeira) and Bahia (Caiçara), Brazil; respectively. Moniliophthora roreri showed the highest number of effector candidates, a total of 243. A set of eight core effectors were shared among all Moniliophthora isolates, while others were shared either between the wild solanaceous isolates or among cacao isolates. Mostly, candidate effectors of M. perniciosa were shared among the isolates, whereas in M. roreri nearly 50% were exclusive to the specie. In addition, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi were found. From these, we highlighted the proteins involved in cell wall modification, an enzymatic arsenal that allows the plant pathogens to inhabit environments with oxidative stress, which promotes degradation of plant compounds and facilitates infection. Conclusions: The present work reports six genomes and provides a database of the putative effectorome of Moniliophthora, a first step towards the understanding of the functional basis of fungal pathogenicity. © 2018 The Author(s).This work was done in the frame of the International Consortium in Advanced Biology (CIBA; https://www.ciba-network.org). The authors thank the Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and the Plant Pathology Laboratory at INIAP personnel for their assistance in obtaining the DNAs, Dr Carmen Suarez Capello for her kind assistance in Ecuador, and the Núcleo de Biologia Computacional e Gestão de Informações Biotecnológicas - UESC (NBCGIB), and Copenhague University for providing bioinformatics facility. Data sets were processed in sagarana HPC cluster, CPAD-ICB-UFMG. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Claudia Fortes Ferreira (Embrapa CNPMF, Brazil) and Dr. Raul Renné Valle (CEPLAC/CEPEC, Brazil) for English language revision. We are also grateful to Ivanna Michelle Meraz Pérez for helping translating an early version of this manuscript and to the anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments to our work. KPG, FM and CPP were supported by research fellowship Pq-1 from CNPq. National Council for Scientific Development (CNPq) n° 311759/2014–9. CSB acknowledges FAPESB (Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia) for supporting her with a research assistantship during her Master’s Programme

Data for: Cacao Agroforestry Management Systems Effects on Soil Fungi Diversity in the Peruvian Amazon

This data set is the characteristics of soil fungal community and soil characteristic

Data for: Cacao Agroforestry Management Systems Effects on Soil Fungi Diversity in the Peruvian Amazon

This data set is the characteristics of soil fungal community and soil characteristic

Soil characteristics and allometric models for biometric characteristics and nutrient amounts for high yielding “Bolaina” (Guazuma crinita) trees

Abstract The Peruvian amazon is very diverse in native forestry species, the Guazuma crinita “Bolaina” being one of the most planted species in the country; however, little or no information about soil requirements and nutrient demands is known. The objective of this work was to assess the general conditions of soil fertility, biomass and macro- and micronutrient amounts in high-productivity Guazuma crinita plantations. Fields of high yielding Bolaina of different ages (1–10 years) were sampled in two regions. Soil and plant samples were collected in each field and biometric measurements of fresh weight, diameter at breast height and height were performed. For soil and plant analysis, both macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were determined. Finally, allometric equations were constructed for biometric and nutrient amounts. This study is the first to assess and model macro- and micronutrient amounts in the productive cycle in this species, which grows in fertile soils. In the case of biometric equations, the logarithmic and logistic models performed better. For nutrient amounts, this species followed a pattern of Ca > N > K > P > S > Mg for macronutrients and Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu for micronutrients. The best prediction models for nutrients were the square root and logistic models

POBLACION DE Helicotylenchus sp. y Aphelenchus sp. EN LA RHIZOSFERA DE CLONES DE CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) BAJO LOS SISTEMAS DE MANEJO TRADICIONAL Y DE BOSQUE MEJORADO

<p>Se estableció un experimento en la estación experimental El Choclino del Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales del Departamento de San Martín, Perú con la finalidad de evaluar la población de nematodos en clones de cacao bajo sistemas de manejo tradicional (SMT) y de bosque mejorado (SBM). De los sistemas en evaluación se eligió 10 genotipos de cacao (ICT-2142, CCN-51, ICT-1112, ICT-1026, ICT-2162, ICT-2171, ICS-95, UF-613, U-30 y H-35) y un testigo (híbrido). Para realizar el muestreo se procedió a marcar puntos de muestreo en cada planta de la parcela en forma de zigzag con dirección a la proyección de la copa del árbol a las profundidades 0-20, 20-40 y 40-60 cm. La extracción de nematodos del suelo se realizo mediante el método del tamizado y de la bandeja. Antes de establecer los sistemas de cultivo del cacao se encontró una población de 87 indiv/100cc de suelo de los cuales <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., representa el 12.5% y <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., el 5.7%. Dos años después de la instalación de los sistemas de cultivo del cacao a las profundidades evaluadas se encontró en la rhizosfera una población promedio de 172 indiv/100cc de suelo en el SBM,  de los cuales el 16.11% corresponde a <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., con una tasa de crecimiento de 8.38 indiv/100cc de suelo/año y 0.93% corresponde a <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., con una tasa de crecimiento de -1.67 indiv/100cc de suelo/año. Mientras la población de nematodos en el SMT fue de 321 indiv/100cc de suelo, de los cuales el 6.3% represento a <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., con una tasa de crecimiento de 4.63 indiv/100cc de suelo/año y 22.78% represento a <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., con una tasa de crecimiento de 34.03 indiv/100cc de suelo/año. En el SBM en los primeros 20 cm. de profundidad predomina el genero <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., encontrándose una mayor población en la rhizosfera del genotipo U-30 (78  indiv/100cc de suelo) seguido de los genotipos ICT-1021 y H-35 (50 y 40 indiv/100cc de suelo, respectivamente), mientras en el SMT la población del genero <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., fue mayor en los genotipos ICT-2142, ICT-1026 y ICS-95 (44, 36 y 31 indiv/100cc de suelo, respectivamente). La población de <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., disminuye considerablemente con la profundidad. En tanto la población de <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., es mayor en el SMT en los primeros 20 cm. de profundidad, encontrándose en las rhizosferas de los genotipos ICT-1021, ICS-95 y H-35 (133, 89 y 71 indiv/100cc de suelo, respectivamente), a la profundidad de 20 - 40 cm. la población de este genero es 60 y 56 indiv/100cc de suelo (ICS-95 y ICT-1021, respectivamente), mientras a la profundidad de 40 - 60 cm. la población de <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., disminuye considerablemente. La población de <i>Helicotilenchus</i> sp., es mayor en el sistema SBM, mientras la población de <i>Aphelenchus</i> sp., predomina en el sistema SMT. Se encontró una alta población de nematodos con el sistema de manejo tradicional.</p