Peer education, gender and the development of critical consciousness : participatory HIV prevention by South African youth

Despite the growing popularity of participatory peer education as an HIV-prevention strategy worldwide, our understandings of the processes underlying its impact on sexual norms are still in their infancy. Starting from the assumption that gender inequalities play a key role in driving the epidemic amongst young people, we outline a framework for conceptualising the processes underlying successful peer education. We draw on the inter-locking concepts of social identity, empowerment (with particular emphasis on Freire's account of critical consciousness) and social capital. Thereafter we provide a critical case study of a schools-based peer education program in a South African township school, drawing on a longitudinal case study of the program, and interviews and focus groups with young people in the township. Our research highlights a number of features of the program itself, as well as the broader context within which it was implemented, which are likely to undermine the development of the critical thinking and empowerment which we argue are key preconditions for program success. In relation to the program itself, these include peer educators' preference for didactic methods and biomedical frameworks, unequal gender dynamics amongst the peer educators, the highly regulated and teacher-driven nature of the school environment and negative learner attitudes to the program. In relation to the broader context of the program, we point to factors such as: limited opportunities for communication about sex outside of the peer educational setting, poor adult role models of sexual relationships, poverty and unemployment, low levels of social capital and poor community facilities. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of peer educational activities, as well pointing to a number of broader social and community development initiatives that would maximize the likelihood of program success

Optimalisasi Penjadwalan Audit di Inspektorat Daerah Kabupaten Cianjur Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika

Program kerja Inspektorat Daerah kabupaten Cianjur salah satunya adalah audit ke 192 unit setiap tahunnya. Biasanya audit dilakukan 24 putaran dalam setahun, dengan delapan tim paralel, masing-masing tim berjumlah enam orang. Dari ketersediaan 55 orang Auditor, tidak mudah menjadwalkan audit mengingat terdapat persyaratan seperti spesifikasi tiap posisi yang tersedia, jumlah maksimum dan mininum frekuensi pemeriksaan Auditor serta tim yang sama tidak diperkenankan memeriksa dua putaran berurutan yang merupakan peraturan audit yang berlaku. Salah satu metode optimalisasi yang mempunyai keunggulan mendapatkan kombinasi yang memenuhi syarat tanpa harus mencoba seluruh kemungkinan adalah Algoritma Genetika. Penelitian ini telah membangun sistem optimalisasi penjadwalan audit di lingkungan Inspektorat Daerah kabupaten Cianjur menggunakan Algoritma Genetika. Sistem yang dibangun diujikan dengan dua kondisi masing-masing sebanyak 8 kali dengan 10000 evolusi. Pertama diuji mengunakan metode persilangan 24 titik, diperoleh pelanggaran terkecil sebesar delapan dan rata-rata pelanggaran sebesar 22. Kedua diuji mengunakan metode persilangan di antara dua titik, diperoleh pelanggaran terkecil sebesar 11 dan rata-rata pelanggaran sebesar 22. Pelanggaran tersebut terjadi pada aturan keempat dan kelima yang masih dapat ditoleransi. Solusi tersebut diperoleh cukup cepat yaitu dalam waktu 74 detik. Sistem telah diimplementasikan dalam perangkat lunak sehingga dapat digunakan di lingkungan Inspektorat Daerah kabupaten Cianjur

A Weighted Linear Combining Scheme for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

AbstractCooperative spectrum sensing exploits spatial diversity of secondary-users (SUs), to reliably detect the availability of a spectrum. Soft energy combining schemes have optimal detection performance at the cost of high cooperation overhead, since actual sensed data is required at the fusion center. To reduce cooperation overhead, in hard combining only local decisions are shared; however the detection performance is suboptimal due to the loss of information. In this paper, a weighted linear combining scheme is proposed in which a SU performs a local sensing test based on two threshold levels. If local test result lies between the two thresholds then the SU report neither its local decision nor sequentially estimated unknown SNR parameter values, to the fusion center. Thereby, uncertain decisions about the presence/absence of the primary-user signal are suppressed. Simulation results suggest that the detection performance of the proposed scheme is close to optimal soft combining schemes yet its overhead is similar to hard combining techniques

Penyitaan Harta Kekayaan Pelaku Tindak Pidana Money Laundering Ditinjau dari Waktu Terjadinya Tindak Pidana (Tempus Delicti ) (Studi Putusan Mari No.1195/k/pidsus/ 2014)

The Verdict of the Jakarta Pusat District Court No. 38/pidsus/tpic/2013/Pn.Jkt.Pst indicted Luthfi Hasan Ishak for committing money laundering with 18 year-imprisonment. The result of the research showed that the confiscation of the property which came from money laundering criminal act that occurred before tempus delicti could be performed as it was stipulated in Chapter V, part 4 from 38 until Article 46 of the Penal Code, and some part of it stipulated in Chapter XIV on Confiscation stipulated in Article 1, letter 16 of the Penal Code. The judge\u27s consideration in his verdict was not contrary to das solen and das sein. In this case, the defendant\u27s statement could not prove that his property was obtained from LHKPN so that the panel of judges concluded that his property came from corruption criminal act. Judges as part of law enforcement should improve their performance in their verdicts in upholding legal certainty, sense of justice, and benefit

Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam Tindak Pidana Kehutanan (Studi Putusan Kasasi Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 2642 K/pid/2006)

The corporation case which occurs in North Sumatera is a forestry criminal act committed by Darianus Lungguk Sitorus, the owner of PT Torganda and PT Torus Ganda. He did forestry criminal act in the area of Hutan Padang Lawas through his corporation. As the perpetrator who did the criminal act in this case, he was imprisoned by the Ruling of the Supreme Court No 2642 K/Pid/2006 for 8 (eight) year imprisonment plus incurred a fine of Rp. 5,000,000,000 (five billion rupiahs) plus confiscation of 47,000 (forty seven thousand) hectares of oil palm plantation, located in the area of Padang Lawas by the Department of Forestry.The problems of the research were the development of corporation responsibility for forestry criminal act in Indonesia and whether judge's legal consideration on corporation criminal responsibility in the Cassation Ruling of the Supreme Court No 2642 K/Pid/2006 had met the theory of criminal responsibility. The research used judicial prescriptive method with legal provision, case, and comparative approaches, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials which were analyzed interpretatively. The result of the research showed that corporation criminal responsibility in forestry criminal act in Indonesia is developing in ius constitutum which indicated by the development of the development of legal subject and corporation criminal responsibility. Law No. 41/1999 on Forestry which has gone through the development of corporation criminal responsibility in Law No. 18/2013 on Prevention from and Eradication of Forest Damage, and Cassation Ruling of the Supreme Court No. 2642 K/Pid/2006 has directly used the theory of corporation criminal responsibility. As a directing mind, Darianus Lungguk Sitorus had a corporation inner-self in ordering to commit (doen plegen) forestry criminal act

Pertanggungjawab Pidana Rumah Sakit Terkait Dengan Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup Yang Dilakukan Pegawai Rumah Sakit

Health as one of the elements of the common welfare must be realized through a variety of health in the context of the development of a comprehensive and integrated health supported by a national health system.. In terms of obtaining the authorization for hospital waste treatment there are also requirements that include environmental health efforts (UKL), environmental monitoring efforts (UPL), and or environmental impact assessment (EIA) which is regulated in the Act no.44 of 2009 on hospital. However, if the hospital does not have a license as referred to in Article 25 paragraph (1) it will be subject to criminal sanctions in accordance with Article 62 of Law No. 44 Year 2009 In violation Enviromental Law. Hospital sued in violation of Article 102 Enviromental Law. Then the responsibility of the administrator in the event of environmental contamination associated with hospital waste hospital administrators the responsibility associated with environmental crime in accordance with Article 117 which states that if criminal charges are filed with the leader giving the order or a criminal offense in this case was referred to committee in Article 116 paragraph (1) letter b, then a sentence of imprisonment and imposed a fine is increased by one third. Enviromental Law itself regarding criminal liability of legal entities pollutant / destroyer of the environment which is as set out in Article 116, which is well within the legal person as well as against those who gave the order or who acts as a leader in an action (destroy / pollute the environment) or against both. Accountability of hospitals associated with environmental crime set in Article 119 Enviromental Law that the entity may be subject to additional criminal or disciplinary action. Hospital administrators and accountability related to environmental crime under Article 116 paragraph (1) letter a and b

First-order symmetrizable hyperbolic formulations of Einstein's equations including lapse and shift as dynamical fields

First-order hyperbolic systems are promising as a basis for numerical integration of Einstein's equations. In previous work, the lapse and shift have typically not been considered part of the hyperbolic system and have been prescribed independently. This can be expensive computationally, especially if the prescription involves solving elliptic equations. Therefore, including the lapse and shift in the hyperbolic system could be advantageous for numerical work. In this paper, two first-order symmetrizable hyperbolic systems are presented that include the lapse and shift as dynamical fields and have only physical characteristic speeds.Comment: 11 page

Gravitational waveforms from a point particle orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole

We numerically solve the inhomogeneous Zerilli-Moncrief and Regge-Wheeler equations in the time domain. We obtain the gravitational waveforms produced by a point-particle of mass $\mu$ traveling around a Schwarzschild black hole of mass M on arbitrary bound and unbound orbits. Fluxes of energy and angular momentum at infinity and the event horizon are also calculated. Results for circular orbits, selected cases of eccentric orbits, and parabolic orbits are presented. The numerical results from the time-domain code indicate that, for all three types of orbital motion, black hole absorption contributes less than 1% of the total flux, so long as the orbital radius r_p(t) satisfies r_p(t)> 5M at all times.Comment: revtex4, 24 pages, 23 figures, 3 tables, submitted to PR