Pregnancy termination from ancient Persia till present time

Introduction: Pregnancy termination has been considered since the ancient times. Different communities have their own rules for abortion based on religion, culture and social norms which control the society. Currently, illegal abortion is one of the most common causes for hospitalization of women. On the other hand, the legislative institution and public opinions based on religion and common culture approve certain punishment for the people involved in abortion that is different in various communities based on maternal health. These punishments had considerable historical process regarding to valuing fetus life beside the mother's life. Reviewing the historical documents and text books, particularly Vandidiad (Avesta), fascinating findings about pregnancy termination were found in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion for saving the mother's life in 1991. Method: It is searched all the old medical References from the past until recent century. It started from Avesta as an oldest writing that has a chapter with some points about pregnancy rules. So it is searched the other References as a librarian analysis and gathered all the data�s about pregnancy and abortion rules. Therefore by performing research, we have come up with fascinating findings about pregnancy termination in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion in 1991. Looking at the historical aspects of this topic shows that there was a humanitarian approach to mother, fetus and pregnancy in ancient Persia. Those specific approaches probably have had long term effects towards building a communal attitude to pregnancy termination based on importance of family, religious believes and health. © 2017, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Pregnancy termination from ancient Persia till present time

Introduction: Pregnancy termination has been considered since the ancient times. Different communities have their own rules for abortion based on religion, culture and social norms which control the society. Currently, illegal abortion is one of the most common causes for hospitalization of women. On the other hand, the legislative institution and public opinions based on religion and common culture approve certain punishment for the people involved in abortion that is different in various communities based on maternal health. These punishments had considerable historical process regarding to valuing fetus life beside the mother's life. Reviewing the historical documents and text books, particularly Vandidiad (Avesta), fascinating findings about pregnancy termination were found in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion for saving the mother's life in 1991. Method: It is searched all the old medical References from the past until recent century. It started from Avesta as an oldest writing that has a chapter with some points about pregnancy rules. So it is searched the other References as a librarian analysis and gathered all the data�s about pregnancy and abortion rules. Therefore by performing research, we have come up with fascinating findings about pregnancy termination in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion in 1991. Looking at the historical aspects of this topic shows that there was a humanitarian approach to mother, fetus and pregnancy in ancient Persia. Those specific approaches probably have had long term effects towards building a communal attitude to pregnancy termination based on importance of family, religious believes and health. © 2017, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Comparison of Avicenna�s views with WHO recommendation in labor progress

Introduction: Natural vaginal delivery has a physiological process. Despite this process, nowadays in Iran, almost half of the births are through cesarean that this statistic is much higher than global statistics. It seems that the fear caused by inability to control the pain and time of vaginal delivery and the fear of the complications are the common thread between doctor and patient which results in final decision for caesarean section. Complementary medicine beside classic medicine has valuable points which helps to natural labor induction that evaluation of these issues help to better controlling of labor process. Methods: At first, various versions of Avicenna were evaluated to select the version which is of most originality from the views of the modifiers of manuscripts and lithography. So that, Canon version in medicine published in Beirut as Arabic was selected. In Canon book version 3, uterine diseases were explained and in this section, a separate part has been assigned to delivery. The mentioned part was translated and the views of Avicenna about labor facilitating were considered in this article. Then, using WHO, the recommendations for performing vaginal delivery were compared with those of Avicenna. Results: World Health Organization and Avicenna have recommended some guidelines in vaginal delivery induction to reduce the complications. These were food recommendations, stress control, how to breathe, how to bath, respectively. Food recommendations, the position of parturient, how to breathe, massage and anoint, and use of deodorant fragrances have been mentioned as detailed in Canon. Conclusion: With regard to the recommendations of Avicenna about labor and comparing them with those of WHO, it seems that Hakim�s views are up to date. © 2016, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Infertility in iranian traditional medicine from Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan point of view

Introduction: Fertility and having healthy child is one of the valuable indexes in people's health. Incidence of infertility in the world has a treatment economic load and also causes significant psychiatric complications for the infertile couples and threats the health of family. Given the importance of the issue, attention to complementary medicine and use of Iranian traditional medicine can be useful and helpful. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the causes of infertility from Iranian traditional Medicine (ITM) point of view according to the valuable Exir book of Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan. Methods: This study was performed as library based on reference availabe and reliable books of traditional medicine such as law in medicine, store of Kharazmshahi, Aghili's Kholasah al-Hekmah and Moalejat with a focus on Azam Exir, and finally, what Hakim Azam Khan explained about the causes of infertility was stated. Results: Iranian medicine Hokama have suggested various reasons as the causes of infertility in men and women, separately, and stated different treatment methods such as single plants, combined drugs and method performed manually including bloodletting, cupping, and massage, and at the end of the treatment method in food section explained the type of food that is useful for disease. They divided causes of infertility into two groups of male and female factors and emphasized on the existence of semen in men and women and the role of each one in fertility. Sufficient production of semen in males and ovum in females depends on the health of body's main and vital members (including the heart, brain and liver). They reported fertility was possible through the health of genital system and production of reproductive semen in both and simultaneous orgasm of man and woman when having sex. Conclusion: According to the careful viewpoint of Hakim Azam Khan in explaining the causes of infertility and accurately classifying them, as well as description of how to diagnose and treatment courses of each of the infertility causes, it seems that today by relying on their views on empirical research, we can achieve more effective treatments for infertility. © 2015 - Journal Management System

Variable Anisotropic Brain Electrical Conductivities in Epileptogenic Foci

Source localization models assume brain electrical conductivities are isotropic at about 0.33 S/m. These assumptions have not been confirmed ex vivo in humans. This study determined bidirectional electrical conductivities from pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Electrical conductivities perpendicular and parallel to the pial surface of neocortex and subcortical white matter (n = 15) were measured using the 4-electrode technique and compared with clinical variables. Mean (±SD) electrical conductivities were 0.10 ± 0.01 S/m, and varied by 243% from patient to patient. Perpendicular and parallel conductivities differed by 45%, and the larger values were perpendicular to the pial surface in 47% and parallel in 40% of patients. A perpendicular principal axis was associated with normal, while isotropy and parallel principal axes were linked with epileptogenic lesions by MRI. Electrical conductivities were decreased in patients with cortical dysplasia compared with non-dysplasia etiologies. The electrical conductivity values of freshly excised human brain tissues were approximately 30% of assumed values, varied by over 200% from patient to patient, and had erratic anisotropic and isotropic shapes if the MRI showed a lesion. Understanding brain electrical conductivity and ways to non-invasively measure them are probably necessary to enhance the ability to localize EEG sources from epilepsy surgery patients

Weather effects on the patterns of people's everyday activities: a study using GPS traces of mobile phone users

This study explores the effects that the weather has on people's everyday activity patterns. Temperature, rainfall, and wind speed were used as weather parameters. People's daily activity patterns were inferred, such as place visited, the time this took place, the duration of the visit, based on the GPS location traces of their mobile phones overlaid upon Yellow Pages information. Our analysis of 31,855 mobile phone users allowed us to infer that people were more likely to stay longer at eateries or food outlets, and (to a lesser degree) at retail or shopping areas when the weather is very cold or when conditions are calm (non-windy). When compared to people's regular activity patterns, certain weather conditions affected people's movements and activities noticeably at different times of the day. On cold days, people's activities were found to be more diverse especially after 10AM, showing greatest variations between 2PM and 6PM. A similar trend is observed between 10AM and midnight on rainy days, with people's activities found to be most diverse on days with heaviest rainfalls or on days when the wind speed was stronger than 4 km/h, especially between 10AM–1AM. Finally, we observed that different geographical areas of a large metropolis were impacted differently by the weather. Using data of urban infrastructure to characterize areas, we found strong correlations between weather conditions upon people's accessibility to trains. This study sheds new light on the influence of weather conditions on human behavior, in particular the choice of daily activities and how mobile phone data can be used to investigate the influence of environmental factors on urban dynamics

Evaluation of TAK-242 (Resatorvid) effects on inflammatory status of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and trauma patients

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) produce lots of inflammatory molecules that trigger immune responses and intensification the inflammation and thereby play important roles in Rheumatoid Arthritis)RA(pathogenesis. Due to the important roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in cytokine production and inflammation, we aimed to evaluate the effects of TAK-242 (Resatorvid) on interleukin (IL)1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 expression and two important proteins of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway (Ikβα and pIkβα) in RA and trauma FLSs. FLSs were isolated from synovial tissues of trauma (n=10) and RA (n=10) patients and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of TAK-242 on the RA FLSs. Real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression level of IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 genes in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TAK-242 treated FLSs. Furthermore, the treated FLSs were evaluated for protein levels of Ikβα and pIkβα by western blot. The baseline expression of IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 showed no significant differences between healthy and RA FLSs. LPS stimulated FLSs significantly increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 genes in both the healthy and RA FLSs compared with that of their control groups, and pretreatment with TAK-242 reversed the effect. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated FLSs significantly increased the level of pIkβα in both the healthy and RA FLSs compared with that of their control groups, and pretreatment with TAK-242 reversed the effect. We provide the data that TAK-242 through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway may modulate TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses and could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for RA patients. Copyright © 2021 Karami et al

Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies: the past and the future in clinical application

Recently, two studies using ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mab) demonstrated improvements in overall survival in the treatment of advanced melanoma. These studies utilized two different schedules of treatment in different patient categories (first and second line of treatment). However, the results were quite similar despite of different dosage used and the combination with dacarbazine in the first line treatment. We reviewed the result of randomized phase II-III clinical studies testing anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (ipilimumab and tremelimumab) for the treatment of melanoma to focus on practical or scientific questions related to the broad utilization of these products in the clinics. These analyses raised some considerations about the future of these compounds, their potential application, dosage, the importance of the schedule (induction/manteinance compared to induction alone) and their role as adjuvants. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy represents the start of a new era in the treatment of advanced melanoma but we are on the steep slope of the learning curve toward the optimization of their utilization either a single agents or in combination