Bounds on positive interior transmission eigenvalues

The paper contains lower bounds on the counting function of the positive eigenvalues of the interior transmission problem when the latter is elliptic. In particular, these bounds justify the existence of an infinite set of interior transmission eigenvalues and provide asymptotic estimates from above on the counting function for the large values of the wave number. They also lead to certain important upper estimates on the first few interior transmission eigenvalues. We consider the classical transmission problem as well as the case when the inhomogeneous medium contains an obstacle.Comment: We corrected inaccuracies cost by the wrong sign in the Green formula (17). In particular, the sign in the definition of \sigma was change

Backbending and GammaGamma-Vibrations

We propose that the backbending phenomenon can be explained as a result of the disappearance of collective $gamma$-vibrational mode in the rotating frame. Using a cranking+random phase approximation approach for the modified Nilsson potential + monopole pairing forces, we show that this mechanism is responsible for the backbending in $^{156}$Dy, $^{158}$Er and obtain a good agreement between theoretical and experimental results.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, published versio

SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM IN THE DRYING OF FLAT INFRARED HEATING MATERIAL LAYER AT STATIONARY MOISTURE TRANSFER

Nonlinear process when the moisture has a stationary position from the point of the analytical research is needed for theoretical and applied problems. In this paper we investigate the distribution of the heat provided stationary moisture where heat distribution has a pattern differs from the linear interaction between moisture and heat. Permanence moisture sampling is the result of a relatively steady drying mode. In the drying chamber we have a closed volume, it is particularly noticeable for the vacuum chambers, and therefore there is almost stationary process between stable heating and evaporation. Obtained linear problem of parabolic type to accomplish this task with the appropriate boundary conditions, we can apply for the interval (0, l), separation of variables. The solution for linear and non-linear interaction of moisture and temperature in the case of stationary moisture have a predetermined temperature field as a result of solution of the nonlinear system that is needed to assess the effect of non-linearity which clearly identifies with a solution.Nonlinear process when the moisture has a stationary position from the point of the analytical research is needed for theoretical and applied problems. In this paper we investigate the distribution of the heat provided stationary moisture where heat distribution has a pattern differs from the linear interaction between moisture and heat. Permanence moisture sampling is the result of a relatively steady drying mode. In the drying chamber we have a closed volume, it is particularly noticeable for the vacuum chambers, and therefore there is almost stationary process between stable heating and evaporation. Obtained linear problem of parabolic type to accomplish this task with the appropriate boundary conditions, we can apply for the interval (0, l), separation of variables. The solution for linear and non-linear interaction of moisture and temperature in the case of stationary moisture have a predetermined temperature field as a result of solution of the nonlinear system that is needed to assess the effect of non-linearity which clearly identifies with a solution

Effects of boundary conditions on magnetization switching in kinetic Ising models of nanoscale ferromagnets

Magnetization switching in highly anisotropic single-domain ferromagnets has been previously shown to be qualitatively described by the droplet theory of metastable decay and simulations of two-dimensional kinetic Ising systems with periodic boundary conditions. In this article we consider the effects of boundary conditions on the switching phenomena. A rich range of behaviors is predicted by droplet theory: the specific mechanism by which switching occurs depends on the structure of the boundary, the particle size, the temperature, and the strength of the applied field. The theory predicts the existence of a peak in the switching field as a function of system size in both systems with periodic boundary conditions and in systems with boundaries. The size of the peak is strongly dependent on the boundary effects. It is generally reduced by open boundary conditions, and in some cases it disappears if the boundaries are too favorable towards nucleation. However, we also demonstrate conditions under which the peak remains discernible. This peak arises as a purely dynamic effect and is not related to the possible existence of multiple domains. We illustrate the predictions of droplet theory by Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional Ising systems with various system shapes and boundary conditions.Comment: RevTex, 48 pages, 13 figure

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.Comment: invited review, 36 figures, 900+ references; minor stylistic changes from the published versio

Fungal root endophyte associations of plants endemic to the Pamir Alay Mountains of Central Asia

The fungal root endophyte associations of 16 species from 12 families of plants endemic to the Pamir Alay Mountains of Central Asia are presented. The plants and soil samples were collected in Zeravshan and Hissar ranges within the central Pamir Alay mountain system. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was found in 15 plant species; in 8 species it was of the Arum type and in 4 of the Paris type, while 3 taxa revealed intermediate arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) morphology. AMF colonization was found to be absent only in Matthiola integrifolia, the representative of the Brassicaceae family. The AM status and morphology are reported for the first time for all the species analyzed and for the genera Asyneuma, Clementsia, and Eremostachys. Mycelia of dark septate endophytes (DSE) accompanied the AMF colonization in ten plant species. The frequency of DSE occurrence in the roots was low in all the plants, with the exception of Spiraea baldschuanica. However, in the case of both low and higher occurrence, the percentage of DSE root colonization was low. Moreover, the sporangia of Olpidium spp. were sporadically found inside the root epidermal cells of three plant species. Seven AMF species (Glomeromycota) found in the trap cultures established with soils surrounding roots of the plants being studied were reported for the first time from this region of Asia. Our results provide information that might well be of use to the conservation and restoration programmes of these valuable plant species. The potential application of beneficial root-inhabiting fungi in active plant protection projects of rare, endemic and endangered plants is discussed

TECHNOLOGY Of Convection Drying Of Medicinal Plants

Convective drying of products is one of the most common ways of drying. The development of such equipment - a fairly promising direction. Technological features of the process allows to preserve the original properties of the product. In addition, the task of producing new qualities in the finished product. you need the appropriate equipment to achieve these goals. Further drying is considered from the standpoint of the most simple and economical process for the preservation of medicinal raw materials, which ensures the safety of almost all the biologically active substances. If the drying process is considered from the technological point of view, a process of removing the liquid, which is in the medicinal material. The freshly harvested raw drug usually contain 70-90% moisture, and dried in - about 10-15%. The drying process and performance drying units morphological features depend on raw material, its initial moisture content, the total surface of the material being dried, as well as humidity, temperature and coolant flow rate. This article describes methods of convective drying of medicinal plants - in drying removal of moisture from the surface due to the diffusion of moisture from the inside of the material to the surface. These two processes need to be in strict compliance, otherwise possible drying, warping the material surface and the deterioration of its quality. We consider different methods of drying of vegetable raw materials. Shows staged authors technology for each herb. As medicinal plant raw material mainly used in the pharmaceutical and medicine in dried form. It is only used in certain types of fresh state after collection

(p,ρ,T) properties of seawater: Extensions to high salinities

Measurements of (p,ρ,T) properties of seawater with absolute salinity SA=(31.684, 33.507, 37.372, 37.969, 40.164, 41.825, 44.811, 46.119, 48.600, 50.232, 52.449 and 55.529)gkg−1, temperature T=273.15–468.15K and pressures, p, up to 140MPa are reported with the reproducibility of the density measurements observed to be in the average percent deviation range Δρ/ρ=±0.01–0.03%. The measurements are made with a new set up vibration-tube densimeter which is calibrated using double-distilled water (Wagner and Pruß, 2002), methanol [(de Reuck and Craven, 1993), (Osada et al., 1999) and (Yokoyama and Uematsu, 2003)] and aqueous NaCl solutions [(Archer, 1992) and (Hilbert, 1979)]. Based on these measurements, an empirical expression for the density of seawater at high salinities has been developed as a function of salinity, pressure and temperature. The results can be used to extend the present equation of state of seawater to higher temperatures for pressure up to 140MPa. ► (p,ρ,T) data of seawater at high salinities are estimated. ► The measurements were carried out with a vibration-tube densimeter. ► The thermomechanical coefficients were calculated