Political and scientific support for the establishment of the Veterinary School in Lwów

Establishment of the veterinary university in Lwów would not be possible without the political support of Galician authorities, i.a. A. Potocki and S. Zamoyski, Galician and Viennese MPs, and professors A. Biesiadecki, P. Seifmann, H. Kadyi, and J. Szpilman, who performed repeated and uninterrupted activities of both official and unofficial character. Their contribution, postulates, commitment, and work undertaken, had overcame the resistance of central governmental powers. Creation of the Lwów veterinary academic school enabled training not only Polish veterinarians in their mother tongue, but was also an opportunity for students from other Slavic states. The aim of the work is to show the role of political and administrative supporters of the illustrious idea of the Veterinary School, and then lead to its elevation to the Academy

A Critical Evaluation of the Sustainable Sites Initiative\u27s Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009 as Applied to the Design and Development of the Orem, Utah Intermodal Center

In 2006 the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, the United States Botanical Garden, and additional stakeholders joined together to form the Sustainable Sites InitiativeTM (SITESTM), an organization dedicated to the promotion of sustainable land development and management practices. As part of this effort SITES recently released its Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009, a document which provides a voluntary guideline and rating system for the development, operation, and maintenance of sustainable landscapes. This guideline and rating system is currently being tested through the Sustainable Sites Initiative pilot program, in which a select group of approximately 150 projects are participating in an initial trial of the SITES certification process. In an effort to provide SITES with in-depth feedback from one of its pilot program participants, the following study involved an interview of a group of key informants who were responsible for development of the SITES pilot application for the Orem Intermodal Center. Through inductive analysis of the data collected from the interviews, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the SITES Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009 as applied to the design and development of the Orem Intermodal Center project. The results and implications of this evaluation are discussed within the study. The study’s findings have also been forwarded to SITES, with the expectation that this information will help inform refinement of the Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks prior to the widespread release of SITES in 2013

Search for ultra high energy gamma-rays from various sources

The hypothesis that there exists an excess of showers from the Galactic plane on the level 1 to 2% at energies just above 10 to the 16th power eV is explored. The excess shower from the Galactic plane seems to be very similar in properties to excess showers from the point sources/flat spectrum, deficit of low energy muons. Those facts suggest that the excess from the Galactic plane are probably due to summing up of the contribution from individual point sources. That in turn suggest that those sources are rather numerous

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the correction of mimic wrinkles - the most common complications

Introduction and purpose Botulinum toxin (BoNT) products are commonly used to treat muscle spasms such as cervical dystonia as well as to treat expression lines. Serotype A of botulinum toxin is the strongest and is used in aesthetic medicine procedures. It provides predictable results while having few side effects. Nevertheless, complications may occur, such as: ptosis of the upper eyelid, drooping eyebrows, ectropia, double vision, xerophthalmia, falling corners of the mouth, dysphagia, hoarseness, local swelling, erythema, bruising, pain at the injection site, asymmetry. The aim of the study is to discuss the most common complications after injection of the botulin toxin in the correction of mimic wrinkles. Description of the state of knowledge BoNT is a neurotoxin that acts on the neuromuscular junctions, inhibits the release of acetylcholine, consequently causing temporary chemical denervation. Muscle function begins to return approximately 3 months after injection and fully returns after 6 months. Comparison of clinical trials of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic allowed for the quantification of the frequency of adverse effects:drooping eyelids (2.5%), drooping eyebrows (3.1%), disturbed eye sensation (3%) and lip asymmetry (6.9%). Complications after cosmetic botulinum toxin injections are rare, and those that do occur are usually mild and transient. These complications are technique dependent; the incidence decreases as the injection ability improves. Summary Side effects are rare, nevertheless, thorough knowledge of the patient's anatomy, medical history, possible complications related to the specific product and site of administration, and close monitoring are essential for safe, effective treatment and the achievement of satisfactory results

Mutually Exclusive Expression of Virulence Genes by Malaria Parasites Is Regulated Independently of Antigen Production

The primary virulence determinant of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite–infected cells is a family of heterogeneous surface receptors collectively referred to as PfEMP1. These proteins are encoded by a large, polymorphic gene family called var. The family contains approximately 60 individual genes, which are subject to strict, mutually exclusive expression, with the single expressed var gene determining the antigenic, cytoadherent, and virulence phenotype of the infected cell. The mutually exclusive expression pattern of var genes is imperative for the parasite's ability to evade the host's immune response and is similar to the process of “allelic exclusion” described for mammalian Ig and odorant receptor genes. In mammalian systems, mutually exclusive expression is ensured by negative feedback inhibition mediated by production of a functional protein. To investigate how expression of the var gene family is regulated, we have created transgenic lines of parasites in which expression of individual var loci can be manipulated. Here we show that no such negative feedback system exists in P. falciparum and that this process is dependent solely on the transcriptional regulatory elements immediately adjacent to each gene. Transgenic parasites that are selected to express a var gene in which the PfEMP1 coding region has been replaced by a drug-selectable marker silence all other var genes in the genome, thus effectively knocking out all PfEMP1 expression and indicating that the modified gene is still recognized as a member of the var gene family. Mutually exclusive expression in P. falciparum is therefore regulated exclusively at the level of transcription, and a functional PfEMP1 protein is not necessary for viability or for proper gene regulation in cultured parasites

On recovering the second-order convergence of the lattice Boltzmann method with reaction-type source terms

This study derives a method to consistently recover the second-order convergence of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which is frequently degraded by the improper discretisation of required source terms. The work focuses on advection-diffusion models in which the source terms are dependent on the intensity of transported fields. The main findings are applicable to a wide range of formulations within the LBM framework. All considered source terms are interpreted as contributions to the zeroth-moment of the distribution function. These account for sources in a scalar field, such as density, concentration or temperature. In addition to this, certain immersed boundary methods can be interpreted as a source term in their formulation, highlighting a further application for this work. This paper makes three primary contributions to the current state-of-the-art. Firstly, it identifies the differences observed between the ways source terms are included in the LBM schemes present in the literature. The algebraic manipulations are explicitly presented in this paper to clarify the differences observed, and identify their origin. Secondly, it derives in full detail, the implicit relation between the value of the transported macroscopic field, and the sum of the LBM densities. Moreover, this relation is valid for any source term discretization scheme, and three equivalent forms of the second-order accurate collision operator are presented. Finally, closed-form solutions of this implicit relation are shown for a variety of common models. The second-order convergence of the proposed LBM schemes is verified on both linear and non-linear source terms. Commonly used diffusive and acoustic scalings are discussed, and their pitfalls are identified. Moreover, for a simplified case, the competing errors are shown visually with isolines of error in the space of spatial and temporal resolutions

Results from two years of Matricaria inodora L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. monitoring (2012 + 2013) – greenhouse efficacy trials with Tribenuron and Florasulam and ALS target site resistance test at Pro 197 and Thr 574

The first ALS resistant Matricaria chamomilla (MATCH) biotype was found in 2006 in Schleswig Holstein in Witzwort (SCHLEICH-SAIDFAR et al., 2011). Since 2006 ALS resistant Matricaria chamomilla and Matricaria inodora (MATIN) were found at other locations near the North Sea coastline in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony (ULBER et al., 2012). As there were more and more cases of reduced efficacy of sulfonylureas on mayweed, Dow AgroSciences decided in 2012 and 2013 to test MATCH and MATIN samples in Germany. In 2012 seed samples collected by Dow AgroSciences were planted in greenhouse environment and treated with tribenuron or florasulam. As a second step plants were checked for mutations of the ALS gene at positions Pro 197 and Thr 574 via Pyrosequencing. In Europe there is no known case of metabolic ALS-resistance (ULBER et al., 2012). It was found that mayweed plants showed a mutation at position Pro 197 only. In 2013 leaf samples were taken only and investigated for mutations of ALS position Pro 197 and Thr 574.Keywords: Dow AgroSciences, Germany, mayweed, resistanceErgebnisse aus zwei Jahren (2012 + 2013) eines Matricaria inodora- und Matricaria chamomilla–Monitoring – Biotest mit Tribenuron und Florasulam und ALS-Target-Site-Analyse an den Stellen Pro 197 und Thr 574ZusammenfassungDie erste nachgewiesene ALS-resistente Kamille (Matricaria chamomilla/recutita) stammt aus dem Jahr 2006 aus Witzwort in Schleswig-Holstein (SCHLEICH-SAIDFAR et al., 2011). Seit 2006 gab es einige weitere Kamille-Standorte, bei denen eine ALS-Resistenz nachgewiesen wurde (ULBER et al., 2012). Diese befanden sich in erster Linie an der Nordseeküste Schleswig-Holsteins und Niedersachsens. Da sich die ALS-resistente Kamille weiter ausbreitete, wurden 2012 und 2013 im Auftrag von Dow AgroSciences deutschlandweit Kamille-Proben (MATIN und MATCH) gesammelt und untersucht. In 2012 wurden Samenproben gesammelt, die dann im Biotest mit Tribenuron bzw. Florasulam behandelt und danach mit Pyrosequencing an den Stellen Pro 197 und Thr 574 auf Mutationen untersucht wurden. Da bei ALS-Resistenz bei zweikeimblättrigen Unkräutern europaweit keine metabolische Resistenz bekannt ist (ULBER et al., 2012), wurden 2013 deutschlandweit Blattproben gesammelt und an den Stellen Pro 197 und Thr 574 auf Mutation untersucht.Stichwörter: Deutschland, Dow AgroSciences, Kamille, Resisten

Die Stellung der Hoffnung in den Schriften des Thomas von Aquin

Die hier vorliegende philosophische Untersuchung soll also eine Lücke schließen, indem sowohl in systematischen Quellenstudien als auch anhand von Textinterpretationen Merkmale des Affekts Hoffnung und Merkmale der Hoffnung als Tugend in den Schriften des Thomas von Aquin aufgezeigt werden. Vor allem in seinen Quaestiones Disputatae und in seinen beiden Summen wird der Affekt Hoffnung im ethischen und psychologischen sowie im theologischen Zusammenhang dargestellt. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchungen stehen die ethischen und psychologischen Zusammenhänge, also die rein philosophische Betrachtungsweise, wenngleich die theologischen Bezüge des Thomas von Aquin nicht gänzlich außer Betracht gelassen werden können; denn Thomas war sowohl ein herausragender Philosoph als auch ein bedeutender christlicher Theologe. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist also in erster Linie eine Darstellung der Merkmale des Affekts Hoffnung und der Hoffnung als Tugend in den thomanichen Schriften. Außerdem soll unsere Kenntnis des thomanischen Denkens durch diesen Beitrag erweitert werden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Überlegungen des Thomas über die Hoffnung in seinen Schriften vielschichtiger angelegt sind, als sich zunächst vermuten lässt

Detailed studies of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers with energies around 10(16) eV

Detailed studies have been performed of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers using the Lodz extensive air shower array. The showers were grouped according to their particle densities around 20 m from the core. The grouping was made in very narrow intervals of the densities. For every group of showers and for every distance interval /changing by 5 m/ histograms of the numbers of electron counters discharged have been obtained. The trays of G.M counters were located at following distances from the center of the triggering detectors array: 16 m, 76 m, 117 m, 137 m, 141 m and 147 m