78 research outputs found
Once a Liar, or How We Should Love the Russian Language
The article was submitted on 12.09.2014.Review of Irzabekov, V. (2010). Tajna russkogo slova. Zametki nerusskogo cheloveka [Secret of Russian word. Notes of non-Russian man]. 93 p. Moscow: Danilovskij blagovestnik; Irzabekov, V. (2011). Svyataya sila slova. Ne predat' rodnoj yazy'k [Holy power of a word. Not to betray the native language]. 176 p. Moscow: Danilovskij blagovestnik. The article analyzes books on the Russian language by V. Irzabekov which are supposed to count as popular scholarly literature. The author of the aforementioned books means to evoke love for the Russian language in the reader. However, the reviewer proves the pseudo-scholarly nature of the books and draws the readerβs attention to the authorβs linguistic incompetence and the unethical character of his reasoning.Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ: ΠΡΠ·Π°Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π. Π’Π°ΠΉΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π. : ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, 2010. β 93 Ρ.; ΠΡΠ·Π°Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π. Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π. : ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, 2011. β 176 Ρ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π. ΠΡΠ·Π°Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Alternative Opinions about Vaccination in Religious Discourse
The article was submitted on 10.12.2021.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
(ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
) ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°. Π Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ: ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄-Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΡ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΊΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ, Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»Π°, Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²: 1) ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 2) ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°, Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. Π£ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.This article examines speech strategies and tactics in religious communication in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the work is to consider the features of the speech behaviour of communicants during the pandemic crisis. The research methodology is based on the theory of speech communication to some extent present in modern works on the study of discourses of various types, the study of the peculiarities of religious communication, communicative/ speech strategies, and tactics applied to different speech material. The researcher refers to texts published in Orthodox media and on Orthodox websites: sermons, comments in Orthodox forums, and posts in social networks. As a result, the author reveals the polemical nature of this segment of religious discourse. For instance, it contains neologisms with evaluative connotations, such as ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π΅ΡΡ (digital concentration camp), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ (pseudo-pandemic), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ (corona-frenzy), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ (corona-crisis), ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄-Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ (covid-dissidents), Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (anti-vaccinators), Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ (antivaxers), ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΡ (covidiots), Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΊΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ (anti-vax sectarians), ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ (covidophobes), Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡ (vaccine fighters), Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»Π° (cannibal vaccine), Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ (vaccine sceptics), etc. The author characterises two types of addressees: 1) those denying the existence of the pandemic and/or the need for preventive measures and/or vaccination; 2) those recognising the fact of the pandemic and/or the need for preventive measures and/or vaccination. The former are characterised by a confrontational type of communication, as they choose strategies of discrediting and manipulation by means of accusations, insults, slander, sarcasm, appeals to βauthorityβ, etc. They violate the principles of cooperative communication and show verbal aggression. The various phobias that the communicants of this group demonstrate are due to a misunderstanding of the soteriological and eschatological teachings of the Church. The addressees of the second group use a speech strategy of persuasion through interpretation, explanation, references to their own experience, and the authority of the Church. The communicants of this group obviously aim for conflict-free communication
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Effect of activating the sintering process of powder steel alloyed with nickel or chromium by grinding the initial powders and introducing alkali metal compounds was investigated. The kinetics of grinding the initial iron powders, Cr30, and a mixture of iron powders with 4 % nickel was studied. It is shown that, depending on the hardness of the powder, it is grinded in three or two stages. When grinding more hard powders, there is no stage of intensive deformation of particles and an increase in their size. Crystalline lattice defects resulting from grinding of powders accelerate diffusion processes. This reduces sintering temperature by 100β200 Β°Π‘ compared to the sintering temperature of steels from the initial powders, contributes to a homogeneous structure, reduces porosity by 4β17 %, and increase strength of powder steels by 1.5β1.6 times. The mechanism of the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the acceleration of diffusion of carbon, nickel and chromium into iron has been established. With the introduction of sodium bicarbonate under the action of water vapor, formed upon its decomposition to carbonate, thin oxide films are formed on iron particles, which are actively recovered in a protective-recovering atmosphere during sintering. This leads to formation of a metal contact between the particles, acceleration of the self-diffusion of iron atoms and the diffusion of alloying additives into iron by 5β7 times, depending on the sintering temperature and the amount of added additive. Sodium forms nanodispersed complex compounds of the ferritic type Na3Fe5O9 along the grain boundaries of the iron base, which provide grain refinement and the formation of a homogeneous structure. Changes in the structure of powder steel with the introduction of sodium bicarbonate cause an increase in its strength by 1.5β1.7 times. The results can be used to obtain structural products from alloyed powder steels.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, Π₯30 ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Ρ 4 % Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 100β200 Β°Π‘ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 4β17 % ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² 1,5β 1,6 ΡΠ°Π·Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎ Π² 5β7 ΡΠ°Π· Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Na3Fe5O9, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² 1,5β1,7 ΡΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of heat treatment regimes on changes in the structure and properties of steel-copper alloy pseudo-alloys obtained by infiltration. It is shown that, depending on the composition and initial density of the steel skeleton, the strength of the material increases by 1.3β1.8 times, the hardening effect is realized when the carbon content in the steel skeleton is 0.3β1.5 % and is achieved due to changes in the structure and phase composition of the steel base and copper phase. It has been established that during heating for quenching and during tempering, redistribution of carbon occurs in the iron phase, which is more pronounced in the frame of the pseudo-alloy made of medium-carbon steel. The formation of a βcrustβ structure in the grains of the skeleton is noted, while in the skeleton made of medium-carbon steel this occurs at a tempering temperature of 200 Β°C, in low-carbon steel β at a temperature of 500β650 Β°C. In a high-carbon steel skeleton, carbon stratification in the grain body is less pronounced. An increase in the strength of pseudo-alloys at tempering temperatures of 500β650 Β°C is associated with the formation of the Ξ±β²-phase, the precipitation of the Fe3C carbide phase and the metastable Fe2C phase in the iron phase, as well as the precipitation of dispersed phases Fe4Cu3, Fe4Cu3, Ξ·-Cu6Sn5 and Ξ΄-Cu3Sn8 in the copper phase. Due to the precipitation of phases, the microhardness of the infiltrate in the form of copper in pseudo-alloys after tempering at 550 Β°C increased from 820β880 to 950β980 MPa, in the form of tin bronze β from 1450 to 1750 MPa. The use of heat treatment leads to an increase not only in the strength, but also in the tribotechnical properties of the pseudo-alloy: the friction coefficient of the pseudo-alloy with a frame of 80 % density made of FeC0.8 steel decreases to 0.008β0.009, the seizure pressure doubles and the wear resistance increases by more than 2.5 times.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ (Π’Π) Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² 1,3β1,8 ΡΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ 0,3β1,5 % ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Β«ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉΒ» ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° 200 Β°Π‘, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ β ΠΏΡΠΈ 500β650 Β°Π‘. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° 500β650 Β°Π‘ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ξ±β²-ΡΠ°Π·Ρ, Π²ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Fe3C ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Fe2C Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π· Fe4Cu3, Ξ·-Cu6Sn5 ΠΈ Ξ΄-Cu3Sn8 Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ 550 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Ρ 820β880 ΠΏΠΎ 950β980 ΠΠΠ°, Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Π·Ρ β Ρ 1450 ΠΏΠΎ 1750 ΠΠΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°: ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 80 % ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ80 ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 0,008β0,009, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² 2 ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² 2,5 ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The influence of the regimes of plastic deformation of steel β copper alloy pseudo-alloys obtained by infiltration on their structure, mechanical properties and anisotropy of properties is investigated. It has been established that hot forging of pseudo-alloys at a temperature of 700β950 Β°C provides an increase in strength by 1.5β3 times, impact strength by 1.5β2.5 times, plasticity by 1.5β2 %, and at 1100β1150 Β°Π‘ (above the melting point of copper) β leads to cracking of the material. It is shown that the properties of pseudo-alloys based on steel alloyed with chromium are lower than those based on steel alloyed with nickel, which is associated with the formation of chromium oxides due to its increased affinity for oxygen. The formation of macro-texture in pseudo-alloys after hot stamping has been established, which leads to secondary anisotropy of properties, the level of which is determined by the degree of deformation and temperature, but does not exceed 15β20 %. The deformation curve of the pseudo-alloy during hot forging was constructed, which revealed the optimum temperature (700β900 Β°Π‘) and the limiting degree of deformation (65 %) depending on the composition of the pseudo-alloy. With an increase in the degree of deformation, microcracks form at the interface between the iron and copper phases, which in turn leads to a decrease in strength, ductility, as well as a 1.5β2-fold decrease in the impact strength of pseudo-alloys with a copper phase content of 15 % and destruction of pseudo-alloys with a 25 % copper content phases, in which the length of interphase iron-copper boundaries is much greater. The achieved mechanical properties of hot-forged steel-copper alloy pseudo-alloys make it possible to use them for parts of heavily loaded friction units, as well as parts for structural purposes.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π² Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
700β950 Β°Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² 1,5β3 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ β Π² 1,5β2,5 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β Π½Π° 1,5β2 %, Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ 1100β1150 Β°Π‘ (Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ) β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 15β20 %. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ (700β900 Β°Π‘) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (65 %) Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² 1,5β2 ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ 15 % ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ 25 %, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π.Π. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ·Π΅ΠΌ)
The research results of the influence of graphite content, type and dispersion on the structure, mechanical and physical properties of copperβgraphite composite material are presented. It is shown that in the sintering process, when the content of grade GL graphite is 1, 5, 7 %, shrinkage is 5.7; 2.4 and 0.6 %, respectively, with 20 and 30 % β no volumetric changes. In copperβgraphite material, when the content of grade MG graphite is less than 10 %, a growth of samples of 1β1.6 % is observed; when the graphite content is higher, the volume practically does not change. With a graphite content of more than 20 %, regardless of its grade and dispersion, the strength of copperβgraphite material sharply decreases due to both a reduction of the metal contact area and a transition of the material structure from frame-metal to matrix. In a material with grade MG graphite with the dispersion of 140 and 65 Β΅m, multiple microcracks are formed in the deformation process. When the content of grade MG graphite is 10 %, the electrical resistivity of copper-graphite material is equal to 11β13β’108 Ohmβ’m, when it is 30 %, the electrical resistivity is equal to 136β140β’108 Ohmrm; when the content of grade GL graphite β 8 and 18β’108 Ohmβ’m, respectively.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ 1, 5, 7 % ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 5,7; 2,4 ΠΈ 0,6 % ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈ 20 ΠΈ 30 % - ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ. Π ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 10 % Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² 1-1,6 %, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 %, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ. Π ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 140 ΠΈ 65 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½. Π£Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ 10 % ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 11β13-108 ΠΠΌβ’ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈ 30 % β 136β140β’108 ΠΠΌβ’ΠΌ, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ β 8 ΠΈ 18β’108 ΠΠΌβ’ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
Ecological and biological features of Triglochin maritima L. in the biotopes of the littoral zone with different degree of flooding on the coast of the White Sea
The study of Triglochin maritima L. was carried out on the Pomor (western) coast of the White Sea, in the Republic of Karelia (64Β°22'81"N, 35Β°93'14"E). Morphological analysis of aboveground and underground parts of the clones was performed on virginal plants. Anatomical analysis of leaf sheaths of the current year shoots, rhizomes and adventitious roots was carried out. The viability of pollen was assessed by determining the relative share of normally developed and malformed pollen grains. The content of heavy metals was determined in the soil, sea water and plant samples. The study was carried out on a model transect in the littoral zone on three test plots representing the lower littoral; the middle and the upper littoral zones. Adaptation to wave and storm impact was manifested in a well-developed system of underground organs. In the lower littoral, underground part surpasses the aboveground vegetative organs in terms of the mass and the formation of mechanical tissues. This allows the plants to anchor stronger in the substrate. Pollen analysis confirmed the adaptability of T. maritima plants to the conditions of the lower littoral by a high percentage of normal and, consequently, fertile pollen, which ensures sexual reproduction of the species. T. maritima can be considered as a Fe hyperaccumulator as the plant accumulates very high levels of Fe (22β34 g kg-1), especially in the lower and middle littoral zones, both in underground and aboveground organs. The ability of T. maritima plants to actively deposit metals was revealed on the basis of the coefficient of biological absorption of metals and makes it possible to suggest potential possibility of using the species in phytoremediation technologies on coastal territories
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Last changes in the education system impose certain requirements for the training of technical specialties students, taking into account individual β personal characteristics, social orders of regions, countries, as well as international integration processes. Due to such trends, the humanitarization of technical education can become multidimensional and predictive. The article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the dominant strategies for the humanitarization of higher education of technical students through the prism of universal competencies. The set of methods was used to the analysis of the humanitarizationβs strategies of higher education of technical students: the case-study method, the object β Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg, Russia); method for obtaining and analyzing primary and secondary data. Based on the system and structural-functional approaches, not only strategies are considered, but also such forms of their implementation as purposeful efforts (in educational activities) and spontaneous practices (in extracurricular activities). Research results: the ratio of "4 C's" competencies, the group of universal competencies and universal competencies in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education (version 3++) is found; taking into account the data from the Atlas of new professions, the connection of the competence group "4 C's" with soft skills required in the professions of technical industries is revealed; effective strategies and practices are identified, including the mandatory bachelor's degree "core" of humanities studies for technical specialties; the role of the center for the universal competencies development as a university structural unit for the promotion of humanitarian minors is justified; the resource of the institute of mentoring and supervision, student scientific, social, and creative associations in the formation of the humanitarian environment of the university is revealed. Β© 2020 LLC Ecological Help. All rights reserved
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