Microbial Ecology of the Osiris-Rex Assembly Test and Launch Environment.

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Undermining quality teaching and learning

Using tests to compare nations, states, school districts, schools, teachers, and students has increasingly become a basis for educational reform around the globe. Although tests can be informative, high-stakes testing (HST) is an approach to reform that applies rewards and sanctions contingent on test outcomes. Results of HST reforms indicate a plethora of unintended negative consequences, leading some to suggest that HST corrupts educational practices in schools. Although there are many accounts of these negative results, SDT supplies the only systematic theory of motivation that explains these effects. In what follows we describe the motivational principles underlying the undermining effects of HST on teachers and learners alike. </jats:p

A desarmonia da democracia The disharmony of democracy

A vontade popular pode dar apoio a decisões políticas que estão em contradição com as próprias condições para o governo da maioria. Argumenta-se que há uma forma de conceber o ideal democrático - a "democracia deliberativa" - que resolve esse paradoxo da "democracia populista" sem negar, como faz o "liberalismo negativo", o valor do autogoverno na esfera da política. Mesmo o ideal de democracia deliberativa, entretanto, não tem como escapar da desarmonia entre a autodeterminação na política e a autodeterminação individual.<br>The popular will may give support to political results that contradict the very conditions for popular rule. It is argued that the democratic ideal may be conceived - as a "deliberative democracy" - in such a way as to solve this paradox without deying , as negative liberalism does, the value of self-government in politics. Even for the ideal of deliberative democracy, however, the disharmony between autonomy in politics and individual autonomy is inescapable