A Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopic investigation of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and M. l. obtusa crude venoms

Objective: Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules and have been investigated using various bioanalytical methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a sensitive method that can be used to analyze biological samples. The aim of this study is to apply the FTIR spectroscopy method for the characterization of snake venom. Materials and Methods: The study characterized the lyophilized crude venoms of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and M. l. obtusa by FTIR spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method in the mid-infrared region and compared the spectra between the two subspecies. The band area and intensity values were calculated for comparison and wavenumbers were detected by automated peak picking. Additionally, the study analyzed the secondary structure of venom proteins by using the second derivative spectra. Results: The study detected fourteen major and minor peaks in absorbance spectra which were assigned to various biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Four major sub-bands were observed in the second derivative spectra of Amide I-II region indicating different protein secondary structures. It was observed that there are some quantitative differences and peak shifts between the spectra of venoms of two subspecies, indicating the alteration of biomolecules. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of the FTIR-ATR spectroscopy method focusing solely on the characterization of crude snake venoms in literature, accompanied with detailed peak assignment and protein secondary structure analysis. As a preliminary reference study, the results showed the usefulness of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy for the physicochemical characterization of lyophilized snake venom

Venöz Tromboembolizme Proteomik Yaklaşımlar

Venöz tromboemboli (VTE) dünyada büyük bir halk sağlığı problemidir, ayrıca mortalite ve morbiditenin ana sebeplerindendir. VTE patogenezi multifaktöriyeldir ve gen değişimleri ile açıklanamayan epigenetik faktörler henüz tam olarak aydınlatılmış değildir. Proteomik teknolojileri proteinlerin global profillerini anlamamıza ve protein modifikasyonlarını açıklamamıza imkan sağlamaktadır. Böylelikle yeni biyo-belirteçlerinin ve ilaç tedavilerinin belirlenmesinde yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine de olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemede tromboz tedavisinde yeni hedef moleküllerin bulunabilmesi açisından proteomik araştırmaların önemi tartışılmaktadır.------------The proteomic approaches of venous thromboembolism Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem all over the world and also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon is multifactorial and still there are unclear epigenetic factors that couldn’t explained with gene polymorphisms. Proteomic technologies enable to understanding of global profiling of proteins and the elucidation of protein modifications and thus also to provide approaches to the identification of new biomarkers and thrombolytic therapies. In this review, importance of proteomics researchs in terms of find out the new molecular markers for the treatment of thrombosis were discussed.</p

Kolorektal kanserde metastatik süreçleri yönlendiren hücre matriks adezyonu ifade değişimleri

Kolorektal kanserde metastatik süreçleri yönlendiren hücre matriks adezyonu ifade değişimleri&nbsp;Kanserin oluşumu genetik, epigenetik ve çevresel etkenlerden kaynaklanan çok mekanizmalı bir süreçtir. Kolorektal kanserin tanı ve tedavisi adına anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmesine karşın, rutinde kullanılan yöntemlerin sınırlılıkları hâlâ mevcuttur. Bu sınırlılıklar ve kanserin metastatik karakteri nedeniyle, hastalığın süreci ölümle sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu yüzden, kanserde erken tanı ve uygun tedavi için, metastaz biyolojisinin daha iyi anlaşılması gerekmektedir. Biyomarker temelli yöntemlerin uygulanabilirlik, maliyet ve hız bakımından daha avantajlı olabileceğinin anlaşılmasıyla birlikte, kolorektal kanserli dokuya spesifik gen ve gen ürünlerinin keşif araştırmaları süregelmektedir. Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte artan araştırmalar doğrultusunda gen ürünlerinin, metastaz biyolojisindeki önemi şiddetle vurgulanmaktadır. Metastaz oluşumu temelde EMT mekanizmaları ile ilgilidir. Hücre-matriks adezyon proteinlerini kodlayan genlerin fonksiyonlarında meydana gelen bozukluklar, adezyon moleküllerinin ekspresyon seviyelerinde değişime yol açmaktadır. Bu değişimlerin saptanması, biyoinformatik teknolojilerle, daha hızlı ve verimli sonuçlar elde edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, metastatik süreci yönlendiren hücre-matriks adezyon moleküllerinin ekspresyon seviyelerini, in silico yöntemlerle saptamak ve kolorektal kansere özgü biyomarker seti tanımlamaktır. Bu çalışmada, TCGA ve Gene Ontoloji veri tabanlarında yer alan tüm kolorektal tümörlü hastaların mRNA sekansları, primer tümörlü ve metastatik karakterli hastalarda karşılaştırılma yapılarak hücre adezyon moleküllerinin ekspresyon değişimleri analiz edildi. Bu araştırma kapsamında yapılan analizler doğrultusunda L1CAM, MSLN, CD96, ITGAL, ITGB2, FERMT3 ve HPSE hücre-matriks adezyon moleküllerinin, KRK için potansiyel biyomarker niteliği taşıdığı literatürde de önerilmektedir. Ancak çalışmamızda anlamlı bulunan PARVG ve VTN genlerinin KRK progresyonu ve metastazına olan etkileri henüz aydınlatılmamıştır. Bu nedenle in vitro ve in vivo araştırmaların yapılması, bu genlerin KRK üzerindeki fonksiyonu ve biyomarker niteliği konusunda bilgi sağlayacaktır.Alterations in expression of the cell-matrix adhesion molecules which drive metastatic processes in colorectal cancerCarcinogenesis is a multistep process that arises from genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Despite obtaining beneficial outcomes for colorectal cancer diagnosis and prognosis, there are challenges to current methods simultaneously. On the other hand, the disease can lead to fatality because of its specific feature called metastasis and its limitations. Thus, a better understanding of the biological process underlying metastasis is an urgent need for early diagnosis and favorable treatment. According to research, biomarker-based methods have more advantages concerning practicability, rapidity, and cost. Therefore, ongoing investigations for which genes and gene products that are CRC-specific as a biomarker. Acutely emphasis on the crucial functions of gene products involved in the biology of metastasis by advancing technology that enhanced increasing research. Metastasis cascades are mainly related to the EMT process. Expression levels of cellmatrix adhesion proteins are altered by a deficiency in the function of genes that encodes these proteins. Then, bioinformatics technologies allow the detection of these changes with more productivity and fast. The aim of this, determine alterations in the expression of the cell-matrix adhesion molecules at the mRNA level, drive metastatic processes in colorectal cancer in silico and identify a biomarker set that CRC specifity. In this study, alterations of cell-matrix adhesion molecules have analyzed by comparison with all CRC samples in TCGA and Gene Oncology database in primary and metastatic tissue. n conclusion, L1CAM, MSLN, CD96, ITGAL, ITGB2, FERMT3, and HPSE cellmatrix adhesion molecules have potential biomarkers for CRC, in the light of performed comparative analysis within the current thesis as well as literature data. However, PARVG and VTN genes are statistically significant, but our understanding of their roles is insufficient in CRC progression and metastasis. We can have a high opinion of their functions and biomarker potentials for CRC, in the direction of more in vitro and in vivo investigations.</p

Relationship between objective and subjective cognitive load measurements in multimedia learning

The aim of this study is to compare subjective and objective cognitive load measurements in a multimedia learning environment. For this purpose, 20 university students studied in multimedia environments designed by researchers during which eye movements and multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded. Self-report ratings were obtained at the end of the experiment, and retention performances of the students were measured. After the data were collected, Pearson Correlation analysis was applied. According to the results, significant relationship between the number of fixations and EEG frequency band powers was found. In addition, there was a negative relationship between retention performance and number of fixations. Moreover, a negative relationship was found between retention performance and self-reported measurements