Fluoxetine Exerts Age-Dependent Effects on Behavior and Amygdala Neuroplasticity in the Rat

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Prozac® (fluoxetine) is the only registered antidepressant to treat depression in children and adolescents. Yet, while the safety of SSRIs has been well established in adults, serotonin exerts neurotrophic actions in the developing brain and thereby may have harmful effects in adolescents. Here we treated adolescent and adult rats chronically with fluoxetine (12 mg/kg) at postnatal day (PND) 25 to 46 and from PND 67 to 88, respectively, and tested the animals 7–14 days after the last injection when (nor)fluoxetine in blood plasma had been washed out, as determined by HPLC. Plasma (nor)fluoxetine levels were also measured 5 hrs after the last fluoxetine injection, and matched clinical levels. Adolescent rats displayed increased behavioral despair in the forced swim test, which was not seen in adult fluoxetine treated rats. In addition, beneficial effects of fluoxetine on wakefulness as measured by electroencephalography in adults was not seen in adolescent rats, and age-dependent effects on the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition were observed. On the other hand, adolescent rats showed resilience to the anorexic effects of fluoxetine. Exploratory behavior in the open field test was not affected by fluoxetine treatment, but anxiety levels in the elevated plus maze test were increased in both adolescent and adult fluoxetine treated rats. Finally, in the amygdala, but not the dorsal raphe nucleus and medial prefrontal cortex, the number of PSA-NCAM (marker for synaptic remodeling) immunoreactive neurons was increased in adolescent rats, and decreased in adult rats, as a consequence of chronic fluoxetine treatment. No fluoxetine-induced changes in 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity were observed. In conclusion, we show that fluoxetine exerts both harmful and beneficial age-dependent effects on depressive behavior, body weight and wakefulness, which may relate, in part, to differential fluoxetine-induced neuroplasticity in the amygdala

A TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR LPCVD REACTORS HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER

Cet article présente un modèle bidimensionnel qui analyse, en détail, l'hydrodynamique, les phénomènes de transport de matière et de réactions chimiques au sein des réacteurs de LPCVD. Il développe et discute deux cas particuliers correspondant aux dépôts de silicium polycristallin pur et de silicium polycristallin dopé in situ au phosphore. Les résultats mettent en évidence la complexité des phénomènes impliqués et, tout particulièrement, l'importance des réactions homogènes dans la phase gaz.A two dimensional model analyzing in great details the hydrodynamics, mass transport and chemical reactions inside LPCVD reactors is proposed. Two different applications in the cases of depositions of pure polysilicon and of phosphorus in situ doped polysilicon are developed and discussed. The results put in evidence the complex phenomena involved and, particularly, the importance of the homogeneous reactions in the gas phase

Épuration des eaux de rinçage d'une chaîne de chromage avec minimisation des boues formées

ln the case of chromium plating unit, metals polluting in waste waters are trapped by precipitation in the form of hydroxides. To generate a minimal sludge volume and also equally to be able to recycle the rinsingwater, the electrochemical technique of in situ generation of hydroxides is used, studied and developed.Les métaux polluants contenus dans les eaux de rinçage des chaînes de chromage, sont piégés par précipitation sous forme d'hydroxydes. Pour générer un volume minimal de boues et pour également pouvoir recycler l'eau de rinçage, la technique électrochimique de génération in situ d'hydroxydes est utilisée, étudiée et mise au point

A NOVEL WAFER CAGE FOR BETTER UNIFORMITY OF PHOSPHORUS DOPED SILICON LAYERS : EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND MODELLING

The deposition of in situ phosphorus doped polycrystalline silicon, an operation which involves complex physico-chemical phenomena, has been treated via both a modeling and an experimental approach. This analysis has contributed to provide better insights in the mechanism of phosphorus doped polysilicon deposition and has helped to design a new kind of a wafers cage, improving considerably the growth rate uniformity on each substrate

SIPOS Deposition from Disilane : Experimental Study and Modelling

SIPOS films were deposited from a mixture of disilane and nitrous oxide in a tubular hot wall reactor and their thickness and oxygen content were measured. To increase one's knowledge in SIPOS deposition, a detailed chemical mechanism is proposed to represent homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and the CVD2 model taking into account hydrodynamics and mass transfert with chemical reactions is adjusted to SIPOS deposition. A good agreement between experimental results and model predictions for various operating conditions puts in evidence the representativity of the chosen chemical mechanism. By the use of CVD2 model, the main chemical pathways are identified

AN UNDERSTANDING OF IN SITU BORON DOPED POLYSILICON FILMS BY CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION

A new understanding of the deposition of in situ boron doped polysilicon based on a comparison between experimental results and modeling predictions, is proposed. The depletion of both silane and boron trichloride is put in evidence and the necessity of the use of injectors is established

Elaboration of in situ phosphorus doped polysilicon films under LPCVD conditions : process modelling and characterization

In this paper, results of a complete study dealing with the deposition of in situ phosphorus doped polysilicon and combining experimental approach, deposition modelling and film characterization are presented. Their interpretation has helped to put forward the importance of the entrance zone length as deposition parameter, which was most often totally neglegted

Study of the precursor injection in a remote microwave PECVD reactor

Silicon oxide is deposited by Remote Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RMPECVD) using an oxygen plasma and a mixture of 5% silane in argon injected in the afterglow. Silica is used for applications such as protective and insulating coatings over temperature sensitive substrates (microelectronics, sensors...). As the role of injection is quite important to obtain uniform thickness, a simulation with different geometry of injector is needed. The mathematical code, ESTET, has been used to get a better understanding of the thermal and hydrodynamic phenomena and to optimize the injector. The results and the correlation with the film uniformity are discussed

Fatal intoxication with ivabradine: First case report

International audienceIvabradine is a bradycardic drug used worldwide in the treatment of chronic stable angina and chronic heart failure. We presented here a case of a 61-year-old woman who was admitted to emergency department for overdose. She presented with drowsiness, bradycardia (45bpm) and a low blood pressure (116/21mmHg). She died ten hours after admission from multiple organ failure. Ivabradine was quantified in different matrices sampled during autopsy using a method on LC-MS/MS (TSQ Vantage Thermo Fisher Scientific®), after a double liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (1/1; v/v) and then chloroform/isopropanol (80/20; v/v). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Hypersyl gold PFP column (200×2.1mm, 1.9μm) and an acetonitrile/formiate 2mM, 0.1% formic acid buffer gradient. Method was fully validated on whole blood. The mean overall recovery was 90%. Linearity was validated in the 5-500ng/mL range, with intra and inter-day precision lower than 14.3%. The ivabradine concentration found in patient post-mortem blood was 1210ng/mL. Ivabradine was also quantified in different viscera like lung (2910ng/g), kidney (1510ng/g), liver (1050ng/g), heart (900ng/g), and brain (110ng/g). The vitreous humor concentration was 760ng/mL. Pregabalin and zopiclone were also found in blood at 50μg/mL and 206ng/mL, respectively. This case seems to be the first report of a fatal intoxication involving ivabradine and the first published concentrations in organs