39 research outputs found
Organic component vapor pressures and hygroscopicities of aqueous aerosol measured by optical tweezers
Measurements of the hygroscopic response of aerosol and the particle-to-gas partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds are crucial for providing more accurate descriptions of the compositional and size distributions of atmospheric aerosol. Concurrent measurements of particle size and composition (inferred from refractive index) are reported here using optical tweezers to isolate and probe individual aerosol droplets over extended timeframes. The measurements are shown to allow accurate retrievals of component vapor pressures and hygroscopic response through examining correlated variations in size and composition for binary droplets containing water and a single organic component. Measurements are reported for a homologous series of dicarboxylic acids, maleic acid, citric acid, glycerol, or 1,2,6-hexanetriol. An assessment of the inherent uncertainties in such measurements when measuring only particle size is provided to confirm the value of such a correlational approach. We also show that the method of molar refraction provides an accurate characterization of the compositional dependence of the refractive index of the solutions. In this method, the density of the pure liquid solute is the largest uncertainty and must be either known or inferred from subsaturated measurements with an error of <±2.5% to discriminate between different thermodynamic treatments. (Chemical Equation Presented)
Influence of Particle Viscosity on Mass Transfer and Heterogeneous Ozonolysis Kinetics in Aqueous-Sucrose-Maleic Acid Aerosol
The ozonolysis kinetics of viscous aerosol particles containing maleic acid are studied. Kinetic fits are constrained by measured particle viscosities.</p
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Parameter Interpretation and Reduction for a Unified Statistical Mechanical Surface Tension Model.
Surface properties of aqueous solutions are important for environments as diverse as atmospheric aerosols and biocellular membranes. Previously, we developed a surface tension model for both electrolyte and nonelectrolyte aqueous solutions across the entire solute concentration range (Wexler and Dutcher, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 1723-1726). The model differentiated between adsorption of solute molecules in the bulk and surface of solution using the statistical mechanics of multilayer sorption solution model of Dutcher et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 3198-3213). The parameters in the model had physicochemical interpretations, but remained largely empirical. In the current work, these parameters are related to solute molecular properties in aqueous solutions. For nonelectrolytes, sorption tendencies suggest a strong relation with molecular size and functional group spacing. For electrolytes, surface adsorption of ions follows ion surface-bulk partitioning calculations by Pegram and Record (J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 5411-5417)
Isotherm-Based Thermodynamic Model for Solute Activities of Asymmetric Electrolyte Aqueous Solutions
Adsorption isotherm-based
statistical thermodynamic models can
be used to determine solute concentration and solute and solvent activities
in aqueous solutions. Recently, the number of adjustable parameters
in the isotherm model of Dutcher et al. <i>J. Phys. Chem. A/C</i> 2011, 2012, 2013 were reduced for neutral solutes as well as symmetric
1:1 electrolytes by using a Coulombic model to describe the solute–solvent
energy interactions (Ohm et al. <i>J. Phys. Chem. A</i> 2015,
Nandy et al. <i>J. Phys. Chem. A</i> 2016). Here, the Coulombic
treatment for symmetric electrolytes is extended to establish improved
isotherm model equations for asymmetric 1–2 and 1–3
electrolyte systems. The Coulombic model developed here results in
prediction of activities and other thermodynamic properties in multicomponent
systems containing ions of arbitrary charge. The model is found to
accurately calculate the osmotic coefficient over the entire solute
concentration range with two model parameters, related to intermolecular
solute–solute and solute–solvent spacing. The inorganic
salts and acids treated here are generally considered to be fully
dissociated. However, there are certain weak acids that do not dissociate
completely, such as the bisulfate ion. In this work, partial dissociation
of the bisulfate ion from sulfuric acid is treated as a mixture, with
an additional model parameter that accounts for the dissociation ratio
of the dissociated ions to nondissociated ions
Phase Behavior of Ammonium Sulfate with Organic Acid Solutions in Aqueous Aerosol Mimics Using Microfluidic Traps
Water-soluble organic
acids such as dicarboxylic acids are known
to form a significant fraction of organic aerosol mass, yet the chemical
composition and interactions between components in an organic acid–inorganic
salt mixed particle remain unclear. In this study, phase behavior
of different mixing ratios of the salt and organic acids, here 3-methyl
glutaric acid and 3-methyl adipic acid, are investigated with respect
to their water activity. A microfluidic pervaporation approach is
used to study different phase transitions of internally mixed aqueous
droplets. Single droplets of varied compositions are trapped and stored
in microfluidic wells until dehydration, where both the water content
and the solution volume of the droplet decrease slowly with time.
The volume is calculated by imaging techniques and correlated with
the initial known concentration of the solution to determine concentrations
at each time interval. The phase transitions of the droplets with
changing concentrations are also observed under an inverted microscope.
This study will help determine the concentration at which a mixture
droplet, mimicking organic and inorganic atmospheric aerosols, changes
phase
Surface tensions of inorganic multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions and melts
A semiempirical model is presented that predicts surface tensions (s) of aqueous electrolyte solutions and their mixtures, for concentrations ranging from infinitely dilute solution to molten salt. The model requires, at most, only two temperature-dependent terms to represent surface tensions of either pure aqueous solutions, or aqueous or molten mixtures, over the entire composition range. A relationship was found for the coefficients of the equation s = c1 + c2T (where T (K) is temperature) for molten salts in terms of ion valency and radius, melting temperature, and salt molar volume. Hypothetical liquid surface tensions can thus be estimated for electrolytes for which there are no data, or which do not exist in molten form. Surface tensions of molten (single) salts, when extrapolated to normal temperatures, were found to be consistent with data for aqueous solutions. This allowed surface tensions of very concentrated, supersaturated, aqueous solutions to be estimated. The model has been applied to the following single electrolytes over the entire concentration range, using data for aqueous solutions over the temperature range 233-523 K, and extrapolated surface tensions of molten salts and pure liquid electrolytes: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO 4, NaHSO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO 3, NaOH, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH 4)2SO4, NH4HCO3, NH 4OH, KCl, KNO3, K2SO4, K 2CO3, KHCO3, KOH, CaCl2, Ca(NO 3)2, MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2, and MgSO4. The average absolute percentage error between calculated and experimental surface tensions is 0.80% (for 2389 data points). The model extrapolates smoothly to temperatures as low as 150 K. Also, the model successfully predicts surface tensions of ternary aqueous mixtures; the effect of salt-salt interactions in these calculations was explored