Thermally Aware, Energy-Based Techniques for Improving Data Center Energy Efficiency

This work investigates the practical implementation of so-called thermally aware, energy optimized load placement in air-cooled, raised floor data centers to reduce the overall energy consumption, while maintaining the reliability of the IT equipment. The work takes a systematic approach to modeling the data center\u27s airflow, thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics - beginning with simplified, physics-inspired models and eventually developing a high-fidelity, experimentally validated thermo-hydraulic model of the data center\u27s cooling and power infrastructure. The simplified analysis was able to highlight the importance of considering the trade-off between low air supply temperature and increased airflow rate, as well as the deleterious effect of temperature non-uniformity at the inlet of the racks on the data center\u27s cooling infrastructure power consumption. The analysis enabled the development of a novel approach to reducing the energy consumption in enclosed aisle data centers using bypass recirculation. The development and experimental validation of a high-fidelity thermo-hydraulic model proceeded using the insights gained from the simple analysis. Using these tools, the study of optimum load placement is undertaken using computational fluid dynamics as the primary tool for analyzing the complex airflow and temperature patterns in the data center and is used to develop a rich dataset for the development of a reduced order model using proper orthogonal decomposition. The outcome of this work is the development of a robust set of rules that facilitate the energy efficient placement of the IT load amongst the operating servers in the data center and operation of the cooling infrastructure. The approach uses real-time temperature measurements at the inlet of the racks to remove IT load from the servers with the warmest inlet temperature (or add load to the servers with the coldest inlet temperature). These strategies are compared to conventional load placement techniques and show superior performance by considering the holistic optimization of the data center and cooling infrastructure for a range of data center IT utilization levels, operating strategies and ambient conditions

A dynamic CD2-rich compartment at the outer edge of the immunological synapse boosts and integrates signals.

The CD2-CD58 recognition system promotes adhesion and signaling and counters exhaustion in human T cells. We found that CD2 localized to the outer edge of the mature immunological synapse, with cellular or artificial APC, in a pattern we refer to as a 'CD2 corolla'. The corolla captured engaged CD28, ICOS, CD226 and SLAM-F1 co-stimulators. The corolla amplified active phosphorylated Src-family kinases (pSFK), LAT and PLC-γ over T cell receptor (TCR) alone. CD2-CD58 interactions in the corolla boosted signaling by 77% as compared with central CD2-CD58 interactions. Engaged PD-1 invaded the CD2 corolla and buffered CD2-mediated amplification of TCR signaling. CD2 numbers and motifs in its cytoplasmic tail controlled corolla formation. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes displayed low expression of CD2 in the majority of people with colorectal, endometrial or ovarian cancer. CD2 downregulation may attenuate antitumor T cell responses, with implications for checkpoint immunotherapies

Turning 'sweet' on immunity: galectin–glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation

The function of deciphering the biological information encoded by the glycome, which is the entire repertoire of complex sugar structures expressed by cells and tissues, is assigned in part to endogenous glycan-binding proteins or lectins. Galectins, a family of animal lectins that bind N-acetyllactosamine-containing glycans, have many roles in diverse immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition, shaping the course of adaptive immune responses and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. How do galectins translate glycan-encoded information into tolerogenic or inflammatory cell programmes? An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying these functions will provide further opportunities for developing new therapies based on the immunoregulatory properties of this multifaceted protein family.Fil: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Toscano, Marta Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin