On probability, indeterminism and quantum paradoxes

If the quantum mechanical description of reality is not complete and a hidden variable theory is possible, what arises is the problem to explain where the rates of the outcomes of statistical experiments come from, as already noticed by Land\'e and Popper. In this paper this problem is investigated, and a new "paradigm" about the nature of dynamical and statistical laws is proposed. This paradigm proposes some concepts which contrast with the usual intuitive view of evolution and of physical law, such as: initial conditions could play no privileged role in determining the evolution of the universe; the statistical distribution of the particles emitted by a source could depend on the future interactions of the particles; indeterministic trajectories can be defined by the least action principle. This paradigm is applied to the analysis of the two-slit experiment and of the EPR paradox, and a coherent picture for these phenomena is proposed; this new picture shows how the well known difficulties in completing the quantum mechanical description of reality could be overcome.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, minor change

Could quantum statistical regularities derive from a measure on the boundary conditions of a classical universe?

The problem of defining the boundary conditions for the universe is considered here in the framework of a classical dynamical theory, pointing out that a measure on boundary conditions must be included in the theory in order to explain the statistical regularities of evolution. It is then suggested that quantum statistical regularities also could derive from this measure. An explicit definition of such a measure is proposed, using both a simplified model of the universe based on classical mechanics and the non-relativistic quantum mechanics formalism. The peculiarity of such a measure is that it does not apply to the initial conditions of the universe, i.e. to the initial positions and momenta of particles, but to their initial and final positions, from which the path is derived by means of the least action principle. This formulation of the problem is crucial and it is supported by the observation that it is incorrect to liken the determination of the boundary conditions of the universe to the preparation of a laboratory system, in which the initial conditions of the system are obviously determined. Some possible objections to this theory are then discussed. Specifically, the EPR paradox is discussed, and it is explained by showing that, in general, a measure on the boundary conditions of the universe generates preinteractive correlations, and that in the presence of such correlations Bell's inequality can no longer be proven true. Finally, it is shown that if one broadens the dynamical scheme of the theory to encompass phenomena such as particle decay and annihilation, the least action principle allows for an indeterministic evolution of the system.Comment: 32 pages, LaTe

The permanent spatial decomposition of the wave function

Permanent spatial decomposition (PSD) is the (hypothesized) property of the wave function of a macroscopic system of decomposing into localized permanently non-overlapping parts when it spreads over a macroscopic region. The typical example of this phenomenon is the measurement process, in which the wave function of the laboratory (quantum system + apparatus + environment) decomposes into n parts, corresponding to the n outcomes of the measurement: the parts are non-overlapping, because they represent a macroscopic pointer in different positions, and they are permanently non-overlapping due to the irreversible interaction with the environment. PSD is often mentioned in the literature, but until now no formal definition or systematic study of this phenomenon has been undertaken. The aim of this paper is to partially fill this gap by giving a formal definition of PSD and studying its possible connection with scattering theory. The predictive and explanatory powers of this phenomenon are also discussed and compared with those of Bohmian mechanics

A classical ontology for quantum phenomena

Quantum mechanics states that a particle emitted at point (x_1,t_1) and detected at point (x_2,t_2) does not travel along a definite path between the two points. This conclusion arises essentially from the analysis of the two-slit experiment, which implicitly assumes (as in the demonstration of the EPR paradox) that a property we will call Independence Property holds. This paper shows that this assumption is not indispensable. Abandoning the assumption allows to develop an ontology where particle motion is described by classical paths and quantum phenomena are interpreted as a manifestation of a contingent law, i.e., of a law deriving from the boundary conditions of the universe, such as the second law of thermodynamics. The paper also proposes an equation having a typical quantum-like structure to represent the contingent laws of the universe.Comment: 10 pages, LaTe

A group of invariance transformations for nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

This paper defines, on the Galilean space-time, the group of asymptotically Euclidean transformations (AET), which are equivalent to Euclidean transformations at space-time infinity, and proposes a formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics which is invariant under such transformations. This formulation is based on the asymptotic quantum measure, which is shown to be invariant under AET's. This invariance exposes an important connection between AET's and Feynman path integrals, and reveals the nonmetric character of the asymptotic quantum measure. The latter feature becomes even clearer when the theory is formulated in terms of the coordinate-free formalism of asymptotically Euclidean manifold, which do not have a metric structure. This mathematical formalism suggests the following physical interpretation: (i) Particles evolution is represented by trajectories on an asymptotically Euclidean manifold; (ii) The metric and the law of motion are not defined a priori as fundamental entities, but they are properties of a particular class of reference frames; (iii) The universe is considered as a probability space in which the asymptotic quantum measure plays the role of a probability measure. Points (ii) and (iii) are used to build the asymptotic measurement theory, which is shown to be consistent with traditional quantum measurement theory. The most remarkable feature of this measurement theory is the possibility of having a nonchaotic distribution of the initial conditions (NCDIC), an extremely counterintuitive but not paradoxical phenomenon which allows to interpret typical quantum phenomena, such as particle diffraction and tunnel effect, while still providing a description of their motion in terms of classical trajectories.Comment: 35 pages, LaTe

Origin of which-way information and generalization of the Born rule

The possibility to recover the which-way information, for example in the two slit experiment, is based on a natural but implicit assumption about the position of a particle {\it before} a position measurement is performed on it. This assumption cannot be deduced from the standard postulates of quantum mechanics. In the present paper this assumption is made explicit and formally postulated as a new rule, the {\it quantum typicality rule}. This rule correlates the positions of the particles at two different times, thus defining their trajectories. Unexpectedly, this rule is also equivalent to the Born rule with regard to the explanation of the results of statistical experiments. For this reason it can be considered a generalization of the Born rule. The existence of the quantum typicality rule strongly suggests the possibility of a new trajectory-based formulation of quantum mechanics. According to this new formulation, a closed quantum system is represented as a {\it quantum process}, which corresponds to a canonical stochastic process in which the probability measure is replaced by the wave function and the usual frequentist interpretation of probability is replaced by the quantum typicality rule.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures; acknowledgments adde

Relativistic Bohmian mechanics without a preferred foliation

In non-relativistic Bohmian mechanics the universe is represented by a probability space whose sample space is composed of the Bohmian trajectories. In relativistic Bohmian mechanics an entire class of empirically equivalent probability spaces can be defined, one for every foliation of spacetime. In the literature the hypothesis has been advanced that a single preferred foliation is allowed, and that this foliation derives from the universal wave function by means of a covariant law. In the present paper the opposite hypothesis is advanced, i.e., no law exists for the foliations and therefore all the foliations are allowed. The resulting model of the universe is basically the "union" of all the probability spaces associated with the foliations. This hypothesis is mainly motivated by the fact that any law defining a preferred foliation is empirically irrelevant. It is also argued that the absence of a preferred foliation may reduce the well known conflict between Bohmian mechanics and Relativity.Comment: 10 pages, minor changes in J. Stat. Phys (2015

Quantum field theory without divergence: the method of the interaction operators

The recently proposed interior boundary conditions approach [S. Teufel and R. Tumulka: Avoiding Ultraviolet Divergence by Means of Interior Boundary Conditions, arXiv:1506.00497] is a method for defining Hamiltonians without UV divergence for quantum field theories. In this approach the interactions between sectors of the Fock space with different number of particles (inter-sector interactions) are obtained by extending the domain of the free Hamiltonian to include functions with singularities. In this paper a similar but alternative strategy is proposed, in which the inter-sector interactions are implemented by specific interaction operators. In its simplest form, an interaction operator is obtained by symmetrizing the asymmetric operator $\|\hat{\textbf{x}} \|^{-1} \Delta \|\hat {\textbf{x}}\|^{-1}$. The inter-sector interactions derive from the singularities generated by the factors $\|\hat{\textbf{x}}\|^{-1}$ enclosing the Laplacian, while the domain of the interaction operator does not include singular functions. As a consequence the interaction operators and the free Hamiltonian have a common dense domain, and they can be added together to form the complete Hamiltonian with interaction.Comment: 15 pages v2>v3: important improvment

A Newtonian Hidden Variable Theory

A new hidden variable theory is proposed, according to which particles follows definite trajectories, as in Bohmian Mechanics or Nelson's stochastic mechanics; in the new theory, however, the trajectories are classical, i.e. Newtonian. This result is obtained by developing the following concepts: (i) the essential elements of a hidden variable theory are a set of trajectories and a measure defined on it; the Newtonian HCT will be defined by giving these two elements. (ii) The universal wave function has a tree structure, whose branches are generated by the measurement processes and are spatially disjoined. (iii) The branches have a classical structure, i.e. classical paths go along them; this property derives from the fact that the paths close to the classical ones give the main contribution to the Feynman propagator. (iv) Classical trajectories can give rise to quantum phenomena, like for instance the interference phenomena of the two-slit experiment, by violating the so called Independence Assumption, which is always implicitely made in the conceptual analysis of these phenomena.Comment: 9 page

Asymptotic velocities in quantum and Bohmian mechanics

In this paper the relations between the asymptotic velocity operators of a quantum system and the asymptotic velocities of the associated Bohmian trajectories are studied. In particular it is proved that, under suitable conditions of asymptotic regularity, the probability distribution of the asymptotic velocities of the Bohmian trajectories is equal to the one derived from the asymptotic velocity operators of the associated quantum system. It is also shown that in the relativistic case the distribution of the asymptotic velocities of the Bohmian trajectories is covariant, or equivalently, it does not depend on a preferred foliation (it is well known that this is not the case for the structure of the Bohmian trajectories or for their spatial distribution at a finite time). This result allows us to develop a covariant formulation of relativistic Bohmian mechanics; such a formulation is proposed here merely as a mathematical possibility, while its empirical adequacy will be discussed elsewhere.Comment: 14 page