Le chien psychopompe dans la <i>fantasy</i> jeunesse

Dans ce véritable processus de deuil de l’insouciance, il apparait que dans les œuvres à destination d’un public jeune, les chiens psychopompes jouent surtout le rôle de guide, laissant la mort à distance pendant que le jeune lecteur la découvre. Plus le lecteur avance en âge, plus la confrontation avec la mort devient explicite, avec des chiens psychopompes qui prennent le rôle de protecteur, permettant au lecteur de se confronter à la mort tout en restant dans le déni de sa réalité. Enfin, les chiens psychopompes embrassent le rôle de pont et emmènent les lecteurs plus âgés dans l’au-delà afin de rencontrer la mort et de les aider à en accepter l’inéluctabilité

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Synchroniser son comportement sur celui d’autrui est adaptatif et essentiel au maintien des interactions et de la cohésion sociale : plus deux individus sont affiliés, plus leurs comportements sont synchronisés, et inversement. Cela est observé au sein de nombreuses espèces, dont l’humain, mais l’existence de ce phénomène au niveau interspécifique n’est que peu documentée.Les travaux de thèse révèlent que les chiens de compagnie, du point de vue productif, synchronisent leurs comportements sur ceux de leur propriétaire lors de déplacements en intérieur ou en extérieur, et également lors d’une rencontre avec une personne inconnue. De plus, les comparaisons du comportement de ces dyades avec ceux des chiens de refuge accompagnés de leur soigneur montrent que la nature du lien affiliatif joue un rôle essentiel dans le degré de synchronisation comportementale. Par contre, ce phénomène n’est que peu modulé par le sexe, l’âge et la race. Enfin, inversement, du point de vue perceptif, le présent travail montre pour la première fois que les chiens de compagnie préfèrent les humains qui synchronisent leur comportement avec le leur.En conclusion, comme entre humains, la synchronisation comportementale joue le rôle de glue sociale entre les chiens et les humains. C’est la première fois qu’une telle capacité est mise en évidence entre une espèce de primate et une espèce de canidé ; cela suggère une convergence évolutive de ce comportement, et l’existence de processus cognitifs s’apparentant à ceux des humains chez le chien. Les implications pratiques et théoriques de ces résultats sont finalement discutées à la lueur des quatre questions de Tinbergen (1963).Non-conscious behavioral synchronization is adaptive, depending on affiliation and participating in fostering social cohesion. It is found within various species, including humans, but little is known about such a phenomenon between species. Due to their close association, dog and human dyads is a good biological model to study interspecific behavioral synchronization.For the first time, behavioral synchronization of dogs with humans was evidenced between highly affiliated partners (i.e. pet dogs and their owners) when freely walking inside or in open outside area, and when facing an unfamiliar person. The effect of affiliation was also investigated: lower affiliated partners (i.e. shelter dogs and their caregiver) exhibited lower degree of synchronization with human compare to highly affiliated partners, similarly than between humans. This is the first time that the effect of affiliation on behavioral synchronization has been evidenced at interspecific level. Almost no effect of age, sex or breed was evidenced. Finally, it was evidenced that pet dogs exhibit increased affiliation towards humans who synchronized their behavior with them. It is the third species in which such an ability is evidenced, and the first time it is found in canids.To conclude, as in humans, behavioral synchronization acts as a social-glue between dogs and humans. It is the first time that such a skill is evidenced between a primate species and a canid species; it suggests a convergent evolution of this behavior, and human-like processes in dogs. Applied implications of such findings, as well as Tinbergen (1963) four’s inquiries for behavioral synchronization are discussed

Le rap des rats : la poésie au service des animaux

Figure 1. Couverture du recueil Le rap des rats Dès le premier regard, Le rap des rats, écrit par Michel Besnier et illustré par Henri Galeron, attire les lecteurices par sa couverture jaune vif (Figure 1). Un recueil qui apparait solaire, joyeux, plein de force. Si l’œil est attiré par le contraste entre le fond coloré et le noir du titre, il s'arrête bientôt sur la police, inspirée des graffitis, qui ancre immédiatement l'ouvrage dans une modernité populaire renforcée par les termes précis ..

Le rôle de l’affiliation dans la synchronisation comportementale interspécifique du chien avec l’humain : des processus cognitifs sociaux analogues à ceux de l’humain

International audienceBehavioural synchronization is adaptive, increasing social cohesion between group members. In humans, affiliation is linked with a high level of synchronization, and individuals prefer people who synchronize with them. Studying those phenomena at interspecific level is essential to better understand the respectives roles of ontogeny and evolution.Here, we review recent findings on behavioural synchronization between dogs and humans and the role of affiliation in it: as in humans, i. affiliation affects the degree of synchronization of dogs towards humans; ii. and dogs prefer people who synchronize with them. To conclude, we have evidenced in dogs a new social process similiar to what is found in humans. We can say that as in humans, behavioural synchronization is a social glue between dogs and humans. Mechanisms at play and implications of the findings are discussed.Le rôle de l'affiliation dans la synchronisation comportementale interspécifique du 1 chien avec l'humain : des processus cognitifs sociaux analogues à ceux de l'humain. 2 3 Duranton,. » est reprise dans cet article, i.e. seulement ce qui concerne le 19 rôle de l'affiliation dans la synchronisation comportementale. Le titre est donc différent. Ont 20 été ajoutés dans la discussion deux processus cognitifs sociaux analogues entre le chien et le 21 bébé, le suivi de regard (gaze following) et la communication référentielle, afin d'appuyer 22 l'analogie des processus cognitifs sociaux chez le chien et le bébé que nous développons sur 23 la base de la synchonie comportementale du chien sur l'humain. Enfin, toutes les illustrations 24 sont originales et ont été spécifiquement réalisées pour la présente revue. 25 2

Effects of shelter housing on dogs' sensitivity to human social cues

International audienceDogs are known to be skilled at using human social signals such as pointing at a target, gaze, visual direction of attention, and facial emotional cues. Two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain these abilities: the domestication hypothesis and the ``Two-Stage'' hypothesis. One way to test the Two-Stage hypothesis is to compare subpopulations of dogs with different histories with humans. For example, the abilities of pet dogs, who live in human homes and have developed strong affiliative bonds with humans, can be compared with those of shelter dogs, who live,in social isolation and are deprived of extended contact with humans. Here, we review the extant literature on studies comparing these 2 subpopulations using identical protocols. Pet dogs perform better than shelter dogs at following human pointing and at estimating humans' attentional state or direction of visual attention. Shelter dogs seem to be more socially driven to gaze and interact with humans compared to pet dogs. Shelter dogs' impoverished contact with humans is the best candidate explanation for these results. We summarize survey results highlighting the importance of life experience and learning in determining dogs' abilities to use human social cues and argue that shelter dogs may have learned not to respond to human cues that are not useful to them or have lost some previously acquired skills due to a lack of exposure to humans. Finally, we encourage further research that adds to both our theoretical and practical understanding of the impaired abilities of shelter dogs to use human social cues, and its link with the effect of life experiences. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

La synchronisation comportementale humain-chien

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Behavioural synchronization from an ethological perspective: Overview of its adaptive value

International audienceSynchronized behaviours are found in various species, among all taxa of live beings. Being synchronized with other individuals is defined by doing the same thing, at the same time and at the same place as others. It is observed within intraspecific groups and dyads. We aim to provide a synthetic overview of what is behavioural synchronization and focus on the adaptive value of such a phenomenon among individuals. Then, as it is observed that some stable groups or dyads consist of individuals from different species, we finally propose to investigate the existence of interspecific behavioural synchronization

Canis sensitivus: Affiliation and dogs' sensitivity to others' behavior as the basis for synchronization with humans?

International audienceOne widely studied phenomenon in behavioral sciences is the ability of 2 individuals to behave in a synchronous way, which has links with affiliative relationships and an adaptive role in increasing fitness. Behavioral synchrony is found in various social species, but has been very little studied at the interspecific level. The unique relationship of humans and dogs deserves to be studied from this perspective. This article reviews present knowledge about dogs' sensitivity to other dogs' and humans' behaviors. The conclusions are that (1) dogs are sensitive to other dogs' and humans' direct behavior, and adjust their own behaviors accordingly; (2) dogs use some information from third-party interactions, and adjust their behavioral response according to the outcome of the interactions; and (3) some recent data suggest that dogs are sensitive to humans' emotional cues, that they show social referencing toward humans, and emphasize the strong affiliative bond between dogs and their owners. This finding suggests that dogs can be considered as an appropriate biological model to study interspecies synchronization with humans. We propose that dogs could mirror at least their owners during day-to-day situations and encourage further research in this field. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Behavioral synchronization and affiliation: Dogs exhibit human-like skills

International audienceBehavioral synchronization is evolutionary adaptive, fostering social cohesion. In humans, affiliation between partners is associated with a high level of behavioral synchronization; people show increased affiliation towards people who synchronize with them. Surprisingly, until recently, little was known about these phenomena at an interspecific level, which is, however, essential to better understand the respective roles of evolution and ontogeny. After presenting why dog-human dyads are a relevant biological model to study this field of social cognition, we review the recent findings about dog-human behavioral synchronization. We summarize recently published findings on behavioral synchronization and affiliation between dogs and humans. We also review results showing that genetic selection modulates behavioral synchronization propensity in dogs, emphasizing the role of genetic selection on dog's social behaviors towards humans. Finally, we discuss the possible evolutionary influences and proximate mechanisms of this phenomenon. We conclude that, as in humans, behavioral synchronization acts as a social glue between dogs and humans. After dogs' ability to use human-directional cues or to produce referential cues towards humans, we evidenced a new human-like social process in the dog, at the interspecfic level with humans