Philosophie postmétaphysique et construction théorique chez Jürgen Habermas

Notre travail poursuit deux buts inégaux et articulés. Il s'agit, tout d'abord, d'essayer de suivre, en partant d'hypothèses appropriées, le mouvement d'ensemble de la construction habermassienne, de là il s'agit de réexaminer trois reproches classiques qui ont accompagné sa réception, en France et ailleurs : son caractère idéaliste (transparence, optimisme), son caractère de philosophie de l'histoire (méta-récit, néo-évolutionnisme), et son éclectisme (synthèse molle ou improbable). Nous partons donc de l'hypothèse que Habermas se fait une idée précise et consistante, marquée par la lecture précoce de Löwith, à la fois de ce à quoi la philosophie ne peut plus prétendre dans une période postmétaphysique qui lui interdit toute voie d'accès privilégié à la vérité ainsi que toute synthèse du savoir, mais aussi de ce qu'il reste de son rôle et de la manière dont elle peut espérer construire des solutions susceptibles d'orienter la pratique. Prenant en charge une reconstruction du marxisme comme théorie critique, Habermas assume les contraintes multiformes de ce travail théorique faillible qui doit multiplier les corroborations latérales en s'appuyant à la fois sur le travail historique, sur les mises en perspective herméneutiques de l'histoire de la théorie, et sur une construction conceptuelle guidée par l'image du puzzle. Suivant ainsi les pistes de ce chantier complexe qui fait primer la continuité, il devient possible de réévaluer précisément les places que tiennent pour lui les références auxquelles on veut le réduire (Kant ou Apel, Hegel ou Parsons etc.), mais aussi la densité et la cohérence d'un puzzle irréductible au manteau d'Arlequin.Our work proceeds with two unequal and articulate purposes. First of all seeting off appropriate hypothesis the point is to try to follow up the whole combined movement of the philosophical construction of Habermas. From there the question to re-study carefully three classical objections which escorted his reception in France and everywhere else : his idealistic construction ( transparency, obviousness, optimism) his personal view upon the philosophy of history ( meta-narration, neo-evolutionism) and his eclectism ( limp or improbable synthesis). Therefore we shall leave from the hypothesis that Habermas gets for himself a precise and consistant idea impressed by the precocious reading of Lowith, about, at one and the same time, what philosophy cannot require any longer in a postmetaphysical period of time wich forbids her any priviledged access to the truth as well as any synthesis of the knowledge but also what remains of her position and the way philosophy may expect build up liable solutions orientating the practice. Assuming responsability for a reconstruction of the marxism as well as a critical theory habermas takes upon himself the multiform constraints of this theroretical and fallible work which tends to increase lateral corroborations leaning on the historical research as well as on the hermeneutical prospect of the history of theory, and also on a conceptual structure directed by the puzzle metaphor. Following so forth the track of this most complex gantry the continuation of wich is most importance it becomes possible not only to reevaluate precisely the fair positions in wich he is wanted to be restricted ( Kant or Apel, Hegel or Parsons, etc.) but also to reckon the specific density and the coherence of a puzzle wich cannot be limited to the Arlequin's coat.NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evidence and Possible Consequences of the Phosphorylation of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Human Red Blood Cells▿

The intracellular metabolism of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) in mononuclear cells has been thoroughly studied, but that in red blood cells (RBC) has been disregarded. However, the phosphorylation of other analogous nucleosides (in particular, ribavirin) has been described previously. In this study, we investigated for the first time the phosphorylation of NRTI in human RBC. The presence of intracellular zidovudine (AZT) monophosphate, AZT triphosphate, lamivudine (3TC) triphosphate, and tenofovir (TFV) diphosphate, as well as endogenous dATP, dGTP, and dTTP, in RBC collected from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients was examined. We observed evidence of a selective phosphorylation of 3TC, TFV, and endogenous purine deoxynucleosides to generate their triphosphate moieties. Conversely, no trace of AZT phosphate metabolites was found, and only faint dTTP signals were visible. A comparison of intracellular TFV diphosphate and 3TC triphosphate levels in RBC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) further highlighted the specificity of NRTI metabolism in each cell type. These findings raise the issue of RBC involvement in drug-drug interaction, drug pharmacokinetics, and drug-induced toxicity. Moreover, the typical preparation of PBMC samples by gradient density centrifugation does not prevent their contamination with RBC. We demonstrated that the presence of RBC within PBMC hampers an accurate determination of intracellular TFV diphosphate and dATP levels in clinical PBMC samples. Thus, we recommend removing RBC during PBMC preparation by using an ammonium chloride solution to enhance both the accuracy and the precision of intracellular drug monitoring

Acute respiratory failure after drowning: a retrospective multicenter survey

International audienceOBJECTIVES:Despite the extensive literature on drowning, clinical data are still lacking on the best medical strategy to use. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the main component of drowning pathophysiology. The objectives of this multicenter study were to analyze the clinical course of drowning-related ARF patients and to describe the efficacy of the ventilatory strategies used.METHODS:Medical records of drowned adult patients admitted in seven ICUs after prehospital emergency medical care during three consecutive summer periods were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 126 patients (58±21 years) admitted, 38 patients with cardiac arrest at the scene were not analyzed, 26 received mechanical ventilation (MV), and 48 patients received noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Compared with patients placed under MV, the NIV patients presented a better initial neurological (Glasgow Coma Scale of 7±4 vs. 12±3, P<0.05) and hemodynamic status from the prehospital stage (mean arterial pressure of 77±18 vs. 96±18, P<0.001). With comparable ARF-related hypoxemia to MV, the NIV was maintained with success in 92% (44/48). Both MV and NIV were associated with rapid improvement of oxygenation and short ICU length of stay [3 (1-14) and 2 (1-7), respectively].CONCLUSION:Despite the absence of recommendation for NIV use in case of drowning-related ARF, this technique was often used with safety and efficacy. The decision for NIV use was mainly based on the preserved or improved neurological status

High levels of zidovudine (AZT) and its intracellular phosphate metabolites in AZT- and AZT-lamivudine-treated newborns of human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers.

International audienceNewborns from human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers are given antiretroviral prophylaxis against mother-to-child transmission, including predominantly nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Pharmacological monitoring of these drugs in newborns has so far been limited to plasma and cord blood. In this study, samples from newborns (up to 45 days old) treated with zidovudine (AZT) alone (n = 29) or in combination with lamivudine (3TC) (n = 20) were analyzed for both intracellular concentrations of phosphate metabolites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and levels of parent drugs in plasma. Plasma AZT and intracellular AZT-monophosphate and AZT-triphosphate (TP) concentrations were significantly higher during the first 15 days of life (199 versus 52.7 ng/ml [P < 0.0001], 732 versus 282 fmol/10(6) cells [P < 0.0001], and 170 versus 65.1 fmol/10(6) cells [P < 0.0001], respectively) and then became comparable to those of adults. No difference in intracellular AZT metabolite concentrations was found when AZT- and AZT-3TC-treated groups were compared. Plasma 3TC levels (lower limit of quantification [LLOQ], 1,157 ng/ml; median, 412.5 ng/ml) were not associated with the newborn's age, gender, or weight. Intracellular 3TC-TP concentrations (LLOQ, 40.4 pmol/10(6) cells; median, 18.9 pmol/10(6) cells) determined for newborns receiving the AZT-3TC combination were associated with neither the age nor weight of the newborns. Concentrations in females were significantly higher (1.8-fold [P = 0.0415]) than those in males. Unexpectedly, newborns on AZT monotherapy whose mothers' treatment included 3TC displayed residual plasma 3TC and intracellular 3TC-TP levels up to 1 week after birth

Role of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 in autoantibody production and nephritis in murine lupus.

International audienceIn normal mice, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) promotes the migration, proliferation, and survival of peritoneal B1a (PerB1a) lymphocytes. Because these cells express a self-reactive repertoire and are expanded in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/W) mice, we tested their response to SDF-1 in such mice. PerB1a lymphocytes from NZB/W mice were exceedingly sensitive to SDF-1. This greater sensitivity was due to the NZB genetic background, it was not observed for other B lymphocyte subpopulations, and it was modulated by IL-10. SDF-1 was produced constitutively in the peritoneal cavity and in the spleen. It was also produced by podocytes in the glomeruli of NZB/W mice with nephritis. The administration of antagonists of either SDF-1 or IL-10 early in life prevented the development of autoantibodies, nephritis, and death in NZB/W mice. Initiation of anti-SDF-1 mAb treatment later in life, in mice with established nephritis, inhibited autoantibody production, abolished proteinuria and Ig deposition, and reversed morphological changes in the kidneys. This treatment also counteracted B1a lymphocyte expansion and T lymphocyte activation. Therefore, PerB1a lymphocytes are abnormally sensitive to the combined action of SDF-1 and IL-10 in NZB/W mice, and SDF-1 is key in the development of autoimmunity in this murine model of lupus

Questions to improve family–staff communication in the ICU: a randomized controlled trial

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