GC-MS and HPLC Supported Phytochemical Analysis of Tridax

Background: Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn. is a daisy family commonly known as “Ghamra” or “Coat Buttons”, the native of this plant is tropical America, Asia, Australia and throughout India, it is also distributed in roadside, waste grounds, riverbanks mainly during rainy season. It has medicinal properties due to presence of some bioactive chemical constituents. Objectives: Phytochemical analysis of Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn leaves were carried out in different extraction. Methods: Qualitative, Quantitative, HPLC, GC- MS & UV-FTIR. Results: The phytochemical qualitative analysis of Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) Linn was performed with various extraction. The hydro-ethanolic extract contains a high concentration of phytochemical constituents than ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether & aqueous extracts. The phytochemical constituents found were tannin, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone, polyphenol, glycoside, coumarins and emodin. The wide range of bioactive compounds were found to have antitoxicity, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antifouling, nematicide, antiarthritic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, antihistaminic, anticoronary insectifuge, antieczemic, antiacne, anti-androgenic flavour, pesticide, lubricant, haemolytic 5-alphareductase inhibitor, antipsychotic, potent antibacterial agent, antimalarial activites. Conclusion: Hydro-ethanolic extract showed several phytochemical constituents and bioactive compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes

Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis of Cinnamomum Tamala Leaf Extract

Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the properties and bioactive components of Cinnamomum tamala leaves. Methods: The leaves of Cinnamomum tamala were extracted. Different experimental methods have been used to study the phytochemicals (qualitative and quantitative). The phytochemical screening was evaluated in different extractions such as aqueous, hexane, ethanol, petroleum ether and hydroethanolic to compare the solubility of various bioactive components. Further, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were also performed to study the presence of flavonoids and secondary metabolites respectively. Results: The Qualitative analysis showed the presence of phytochemical compounds in higher concentration in hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. In comparison with other extracts, hydroethanolic extract had larger yields of flavonoids (186.42 ± 13.04 mg/g QE), phenols (226.34 ± 15.84 mg/g GAE), saponins (112.10 ± 7.84 mg/g) and steroids (161.30 ± 11.29 mg/g CL). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids in hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. GC-MS analysis proved the presence of various bioactive compounds in the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated the significance of the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. We concluded that Cinnamomum tamala leaves have various biological activities which can treat diseases.

A Behavioural and Histological Approach to Dose Dependent Chronic Toxicity Screening of Cyclotide in Zebrafishes

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness worldwide. It is an age-related sickness. An illness treatment plan is urgently required. Such secondary metabolites from plants may undoubtedly be the source of the medications with less adverse effects. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is used experimentally to mimic Parkinson's disease in adult zebrafish. In the realm of medicine, there are no ideal cures for ailments. For the past few decades, a number of plant secondary chemicals have been tested in preclinical settings to cure this illness. Many references have been made to cyclotide's neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that amantadine (AMA), an aminoadamantane well-known for its mild antiparkinsonian action, counteracts central nervous system dysfunction. Apart from oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, 6-OHDA may also cause decreased cytosolic levels of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH). Since this is primarily thought to be in charge of dopamine production in the central nervous system, an antagonist of TH may be the best medication option when treating Parkinson's disease. Since Amantadine (AMA) is the conventional medication, the current study compares the potential of Cyclotide as Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitors to examine the molecular anti-TH interactions in 6-OHDA-induced adult zebrafishes

On Fuzzy ee-open Sets, Fuzzy ee-continuity and Fuzzy ee-compactness in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Topological Spaces

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study the concepts of fuzzy $e$-open set, fuzzy $e$-continuity and fuzzy $e$-compactness in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces. After giving the fundamental concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces, we present intuitionistic fuzzy $e$-open sets and intuitionistic fuzzy $e$-continuity and other results related topological concepts. Several preservation properties and some characterizations concerning intuitionistic fuzzy $e$-compactness have been obtained

Palbociclib has no clinically relevant effect on the QTc interval in patients with advanced breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential effects of palbociclib in combination with letrozole on QTc. PALOMA-2, a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, compared palbociclib plus letrozole with placebo plus letrozole in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. The study included a QTc evaluation substudy carried out as a definitive QT interval prolongation assessment for palbociclib. Time-matched triplicate ECGs were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h at baseline (Day 0) and on Cycle 1 Day 14. Additional ECGs were collected from all patients for safety monitoring. The QT interval was corrected for heart rate using Fridericia's correction (QTcF), Bazett's correction (QTcB), and a study-specific correction factor (QTcS). In total, 666 patients were randomized 2 : 1 to palbociclib plus letrozole or placebo plus letrozole. Of these, 125 patients were enrolled in the QTc evaluation substudy. No patients in the palbociclib plus letrozole arm of the substudy (N=77) had a maximum postbaseline QTcS or QTcF value of ≥ 480 ms, or a maximum increase from clock time-matched baseline for QTcS or QTcF values of ≥ 60 ms. The upper bounds of the one-sided 95% confidence interval for the mean change from time-matched baseline for QTcS, QTcF, and QTcB at all time points and at steady-state Cmax following repeated administration of 125 mg palbociclib were less than 10 ms. Palbociclib, when administered with letrozole at the recommended therapeutic dosing regimen, did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent

Evaluation Of Bioactive Compounds in Desmidorchis Indica Stem Extract Using Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques

Desmidorchis indica is a small fleshy herbs and umbels terminal belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Extraction is the first step of any medicinal plant study, plays a significant and crucial role on the final result and outcome. In the present study to investigate the qualitative analysis of different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, hexane, hydro-ethanolic and petroleum ether) of Desmidorchis indica stem. Among the various extracts, the hydro-ethanolic extract of Desmidorchis indica stem contains a higher concentration of phytochemicals than other extracts and is used for subsequent studies. The UV-VIS spectroscopy revealed that the characteristic peak indicates the presence of various phytochemicals in the extract. The results of FTIR analysis showed the presence of alcohol, phenol, alkynes, alkenes, aromatic, carboxylic acid, aromatic and aliphatic amines groups in Desmidorchis indica stem extract. HPLC analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Desmidorchis indica stem revealed that the presence of kaempferol, quercetin, epigallocatechin and hypersoide. Thirty compounds were identified in extract of Desmidorchis indica stem by GC-MS analysis. The prevailing compounds are n-hexadecanoic acid, 1-octadecanol, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 12,15-octadecadiynoic acid, methyl, 9-octadecenoic acid, eicosanoic acid, 2-methyl-z,z-3,13-octadecadienol, di-(9-octadecenoyl)-glycerol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and docosanoic acidwere found in this Desmidorchis indica stem. Overall, it can be concluded that Desmidorchis indica stem is a rich source of phytochemicals confirmed through qualitative, quantitative, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques

Toxicological Profile of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Peel Extract and Histopathological Assessment in Zebrafish (Danio rerio): An In-Vivo Study

Background: Fruit – by - product includes peels, seeds, leaves, residual pulp, stems and discarded pieces from a variety of sources. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is a good source of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, and functional properties and there is a healthy trend towards by-product utilization and value addition. However, its toxicity and its adverse effects were not intensively studied. Objective: This study aimed to examine the In-vivo toxicity of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP) extract and histopathological assessment using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods: Decoction (Aqueous) by Soxhlet method was used for extraction from Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Dense extract was used to study toxicity level and it was assessed using Dose Dependent Toxicity Assessment (DDTA) with Zebrafish. The mature Zebrafish were divided into eight groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and control) based on their average body weight, with eight fishes in each tank. Fish groups (8 fishes/concentration) were treated to different doses and concentrations of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP). Fish mortality was monitored and recorded after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. After acute toxicity analysis, H & E staining was performed to analyse the zebrafish brain. At least 3 fish from each group were taken and analysed for histopathological scoring. Result: At 24 hr and 96 hr exposure periods, the lethal dosage, to kill 50% of test fishes, was 800 mg/L. Fish treated with 200 mg/L dosage had a score grade of 1 and showed no toxic pathological changes when compared to 400 and 800 mg/L doses because they considerably had decreased pathological scores of neuronal damages, which was equivalent to the control group. Zebrafish treated with 12.5 – 200 mg/L showed no toxic effect in the brain of fish, which was comparable with the control. Conclusion: The current study showed that the No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is evaluated to be 200 mg/L dosage. Thus, PPP has less toxicity, and its use is suggested with potential applications against diseases

Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety of talazoparib in patients with advanced cancer and varying degrees of hepatic impairment

AimThis phase I study investigated talazoparib pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety in patients with advanced solid tumours and varying degrees of hepatic function.MethodsPatients with advanced solid tumours and normal hepatic function or varying degrees of hepatic impairment (mild, moderate or severe, based on National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group classification) received talazoparib 0.5 mg once daily for 22 calendar days. Plasma and urine samples after single and multiple doses were collected and analysed for talazoparib using validated assays. Plasma PK data from all patients were analysed using the population PK method. Plasma and urine PK parameters in PK-evaluable patients were calculated using noncompartmental analysis (NCA). Safety was monitored in all enrolled patients.ResultsThirty-eight patients were enrolled; 37 had ≥1 PK concentration, among which 17 were evaluable for NCA. Population PK analysis (n = 37) indicated no significant impact of hepatic function on apparent clearance (CL/F) of talazoparib. Baseline creatinine clearance was the only significant covariate on CL/F (α = 0.05). NCA of data (n = 17) showed no clear trend for increase in exposure on day 22 with worsening hepatic function. Talazoparib protein binding was comparable in patients with varying hepatic function. Talazoparib was generally well tolerated, and the safety profile observed in this study was consistent with the known safety profile of the drug.ConclusionsHepatic impairment (mild, moderate or severe) has no impact on the PK of talazoparib. No dose modification is recommended for patients with advanced solid tumours and various degrees of hepatic impairment, and this labelling language has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency