Evaluación briológica de los efectos de la contaminación atmosférica en la Ciudad de México

The Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) was used to make a preliminary evaluation of epiphytic moss response to atmospheric pollution in the urban area of Mexico City. Areal analysis indicates that there is a significant negative correlation (p < 0.5) between IAP values and SO2, NO2, NOx, Pb and temperature values of -0.45, -0.90, -0.80, -0.80, -0.90. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between IAP values and O3, rainfall and relative atmospheric humidity with values of 0.70, 0.80, 0.90. Increase in atmospheric pollutants in Mexico City have promoted a gradual decrease in frequency and cover of epiphytic mosses even though some ecological factors may show the oposite effect.Se hace una evaluación preliminar de la respuesta de los musgos epífitos a la contaminación atmosférica usando el Indice de Pureza Atmosférica (IPA) en el área urbana de la Ciudad de México. El análisis por zonas indica que hay una relación inversa y significativa (p < 0.5) entre el IPA y SO2, NO2, NOx, Pb y la temperatura con valores de -0.45, -0.90, -0.80, -0.80, -0.90. También se encontró una relación directa y significativa (p < 0.05) entre el IPA y el O3, la precipitación pluvial y la humedad relativa con valores de 0.70, 0.80, 0.90. Los incrementos en los niveles de algunos contaminantes atmosféricos en la Ciudad de México han promovido la disminución gradual en la frecuencia de aparición y cobertura de musgos epífitos, aunque algunas variables ambientales pueden tener el efecto opuesto

The Rise and Fall of "Respectable" Spanish Liberalism, 1808-1923: An Explanatory Framework

The article focuses on the reasons behind both the consolidation of what I have termed “respectable” liberalism between the 1830s and the 1840s and its subsequent decline and fall between 1900 and 1923. In understanding both processes I study the links established between “respectable” liberals and propertied elites, the monarchy, and the Church. In the first phase these links served to consolidate the liberal polity. However, they also meant that many tenets of liberal ideology were compromised. Free elections were undermined by the operation of caciquismo, monarchs established a powerful position, and despite the Church hierarchy working with liberalism, the doctrine espoused by much of the Church was still shaped by the Counter-Reformation. Hence, “respectable” liberalism failed to achieve a popular social base. And the liberal order was increasingly denigrated as part of the corrupt “oligarchy” that ruled Spain. Worse still, between 1916 and 1923 the Church, monarch, and the propertied elite increasingly abandoned the liberal Monarchist Restoration. Hence when General Primo de Rivera launched his coup the rug was pulled from under the liberals’ feet and there was no one to cushion the fall

The continuity of effect of schizophrenia polygenic risk score and patterns of cannabis use on transdiagnostic symptom dimensions at first-episode psychosis: findings from the EU-GEI study

Abstract: Diagnostic categories do not completely reflect the heterogeneous expression of psychosis. Using data from the EU-GEI study, we evaluated the impact of schizophrenia polygenic risk score (SZ-PRS) and patterns of cannabis use on the transdiagnostic expression of psychosis. We analysed first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and controls, generating transdiagnostic dimensions of psychotic symptoms and experiences using item response bi-factor modelling. Linear regression was used to test the associations between these dimensions and SZ-PRS, as well as the combined effect of SZ-PRS and cannabis use on the dimensions of positive psychotic symptoms and experiences. We found associations between SZ-PRS and (1) both negative (B = 0.18; 95%CI 0.03–0.33) and positive (B = 0.19; 95%CI 0.03–0.35) symptom dimensions in 617 FEP patients, regardless of their categorical diagnosis; and (2) all the psychotic experience dimensions in 979 controls. We did not observe associations between SZ-PRS and the general and affective dimensions in FEP. Daily and current cannabis use were associated with the positive dimensions in FEP (B = 0.31; 95%CI 0.11–0.52) and in controls (B = 0.26; 95%CI 0.06–0.46), over and above SZ-PRS. We provide evidence that genetic liability to schizophrenia and cannabis use map onto transdiagnostic symptom dimensions, supporting the validity and utility of the dimensional representation of psychosis. In our sample, genetic liability to schizophrenia correlated with more severe psychosis presentation, and cannabis use conferred risk to positive symptomatology beyond the genetic risk. Our findings support the hypothesis that psychotic experiences in the general population have similar genetic substrates as clinical disorders

Scaling between Viscosity and Hydrodynamic / Magnetic Forces in Magnetic Fluids

The aim of this work is the investigation of the magnetorheological behavior, under both simple steady- and oscillatory-shear flow regimes, of fluids composed by micron-sized iron particles (average diameter 930 ± 330 nm) dispersed in silicone oil. Magnetic fields ranging from 279 A/m (0.35 mT) to 1727 A/m (2.17 mT) were applied to the suspensions. The effect of silica nanoparticles as stabilizer of the suspensions has also been considered. The study has been made by the scaling between the viscosity of the suspension and the ratio of hydrodynamic to magnetic forces acting on the dispersed particles, given by the dimensionless Mason number (Mn), and interpreted in terms of the chainlike model taken from the theory of Martin and Anderson (J. Chem. Phys. 104 (1996) 4814-4827). The model is quite well accomplished for iron suspensions of different (20 % and 30 %) volume fraction without any stabilizing agent. The presence of added silica nanoparticles in the suspension hinders the formation of regular iron structures induced by the magnetic field, especially at the lowest applied magnetic fields. Thus the model becomes not applicable to these cases. Viscometry has been shown to be more adequate than oscillometry for scaling the viscous properties of magnetorheological suspensions with microscopic interparticle forces in terms of Mn number

Analysis of penicillamine using Cu-modified graphene quantum dots synthesized from uric acid as single precursor

A simple methodology was developed to quantify penicillamine (PA) in pharmaceutical samples, using the selective interaction of the drug with Cu-modified graphene quantum dots (Cu-GQDs). The proposed strategy combines the advantages of carbon dots (over other nanoparticles) with the high affinity of PA for the proposed Cu-GQDs, resulting in a significant and selective quenching effect. Under the optimum conditions for the interaction, a linear response (in the 0.10–7.50 µmol/L PA concentration range) was observed. The highly fluorescent GQDs used were synthesized using uric acid as single precursor and then characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy. The proposed methodology could also be extended to other compounds, further expanding the applicability of GQDs

Estudio comparativo entre la atención del alumbramiento activo modificado y la atención del alumbramiento activo

Introducción. La hemorragia del alumbramiento constituye una de las tres principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna ecuatoriana y mundial. Objetivo. Comparar los resultados del procedimiento del alumbramiento activo modificado que comprueba el descenso placentario mediante tacto vaginal, con el procedimiento del alumbramiento activo, norma del Ministerio de Salud. Materiales y Métodos. Fueron asignadas aleatoriamente 300 embarazadas en labor de parto a cada grupo, para las dos variedades de atención, utilizando protocolos diferentes, realizando una investigación experimental. Se evaluó la atención del alumbramiento en: duración, pérdida de sangre, frecuencia de la retención parcial y total placentaria, cantidad de pérdida de sangre durante la primera hora post alumbramiento, en embarazadas del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso de la Ciudad de Cuenca; con la hipótesis de que el alumbramiento activo modificado presenta menos tiempo y menor pérdida de sangre que el alumbramiento activo. Resultados. La duración media del alumbramiento activo modificado fue de 4,35 ± 1,359 minutos y del alumbramiento activo de 4,22 ± 1,603 minutos, con valor de p: 0.297, que expresa que los dos tipos de atención son estadísticamente semejantes. La media de la pérdida de sangre en el alumbramiento activo modificado fue de 193.01 ± 66.974 centímetros cúbicos y en el alumbramiento activo de 182.97 ± 54.62 con valor de p: 0.045, que propicia beneficio a la atención del alumbramiento activo. Conclusiones. Las dos formas de atención del alumbramiento presentan resultados similares, sin ser mejor el alumbramiento activo modificado.Background. The bleeding of the third stage of labor in one of the three leading causes of mother morbidity and mortality in Ecuador and worldwide. Objective. To compare the results of the modified active third stage of labor procedure, which proves the placental descent vaginally, with the active third stage of labor at the Health Ministry procedure. Materials and Methods. There were randomly assigned 300 pregnant women in labor, in each group, for the two attention procedures, using different protocols. Attention was assessed at the third stage of labor, duration and blood less, frequency of partial or total placental attention and amount of blood loss during the first hour post third stage of labor in pregnant at Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital in Cuenca City. Hypothesis. The modified-active third stage of labor decreases the time and the blood loss than the active third stage of labor. Results. The average length of modified-active third stage of labor was 4,35 ± 1,359 minutes and the active third stage of labor 4,22 ± 1,603 with a p value of 0.297, which means that the two types of attention are similar. The average blood at modified-active third stage of labor was 193.01 ± 66.974 cubic centimeters and active third of labor 182.97 ± 54.62 with a p value of 0.045 which being slightly better the active one. Conclusions. The two attention procedures have similar results, although not best the modified active third level of laborCuenc