Legal and Economic Strategies for International Intellectual Property Protection: The Case of Software

Intellectual property is an important asset for business and society. In 1998, the worldwide software market was estimated at $135 billion. Piracy, however, is reducing profits, innovation, investment, and tax revenues. In order to curb piracy, international intellectual property protection must be improved. This paper analyzes the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement and the World Intellectual Property Organization. It also examines other methods of intellectual property protection, including arbitration, Digital Rights Management Systems, and price discrimination. Evidence suggests that optimal protection includes a mixture of international laws, pricing strategies, and governmental intervention

Evaluation Of The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (eeps) For Real-Time Measurements Of Diesel And Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Even at low concentrations, the criteria air pollutant particulate matter (PM) is an environmental and public health hazard. Emissions levels legislated for modern diesel vehicles are so low (~90% lower than 2003) that it has become difficult to accurately measure PM by the regulatory metric: the mass of particles collected on a filter (i.e., the gravimetric method). Additionally, gravimetric analysis cannot measure real-time emission rates, and therefore is unable to characterize high-emitting transient events (e.g., engine starts, stop-and-go driving). By an alternate method, PM can be estimated by measuring the number-weighted particle size distribution (PSD) and calculating mass with a combination of theoretical and empirical constants (e.g., particle effective density). This integrated particle size distribution (IPSD) method is capable of high measurement sensitivity and real-time resolution. Real-time measurements by the IPSD method require fast-sizing spectrometers, such as the TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS), which sizes (between 5.6-560 nm) and counts particles based on their electrical mobility. The EEPS utilizes a unipolar charger to quickly charge particles for sizing and counting, however this mechanism has been shown to produce a less predictable charge distribution than bipolar chargers used in Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) systems – the gold standard \u27slow-sizing\u27 spectrometer. Several evaluations have shown deficiencies in EEPS PSD measurements due to charging differences (associated with particle morphology) unaccounted for in the transfer function matrix used to calibrate the EEPS. Specifically, the unipolar charger multiply charges a higher percentage of soot agglomerates (fractal-like particles common in diesel engine exhaust) than bipolar chargers. Because inaccurate PSDs are a primary reason for reported discrepancies between IPSD calculated mass and the gravimetric method, it is important to correct this deficiency in EEPS measurements. Recently, TSI has released additional EEPS calibration matrices (\u27soot\u27 and \u27Compact\u27) which have shown better agreement with SMPS measurements under preliminary test conditions. This study further evaluates the performance of these new matrices relative to the original \u27Default\u27 matrix for diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles. Steady-state (75% engine load) emissions were generated by a light-duty diesel engine operating on (1) ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and (2) 100% soybean biodiesel. Raw EEPS data processed with each matrix were compared to simultaneously collected reference measurements from an SMPS. PSDs were evaluated based on their shape – i.e., multimodal fits of geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) – and concentration at peak particle diameter. For both fuels, all measurements agreed well in terms of the shape of the PSD: primary mode (accumulation) GMD ± 10nm, GSD ± 0.3. For ULSD, EEPS Default, Soot, and Compact concentrations were higher than the SMPS by factors of 1.9, 1.3, and 2.5, respectively. For biodiesel, EEPS Default, Soot, and Compact concentrations were higher than the SMPS by factors of 2.1, 1.7, and 2.4, respectively. Based on these results, the Soot matrix produced acceptable agreement between EEPS and SMPS measurements of ULSD exhaust particles. However, based on the factor of ~2 difference observed here, an additional calibration matrix may be necessary for the EEPS to accurately measure biodiesel exhaust particles. The IPSD method for estimating PM mass was applied to available data sets with corresponding gravimetric measurements (one ULSD transient cycle test and the same biodiesel steady-state test used for PSD evaluation). Real-time PSDs from each of the three EEPS matrices were used in combination with three sets of values assumed for size-dependent particle effective density (representing a range of potential conditions), resulting in nine IPSD estimates of PM mass corresponding to each gravimetric sample (one ULSD, one biodiesel). For the transient ULSD test, a widely used effective density distribution for fractal-like soot agglomerates resulted in good agreement between IPSD estimated mass and the gravimetric measurement (within 9% and 6% for Soot and Compact matrices, respectively). For the steady-state biodiesel test, assuming unit density (1g/cm³ for all particles) resulted in good agreement between IPSD estimated mass and the gravimetric measurement (within 7% and 2% for Soot and Compact matrices, respectively). These results support previous findings that the Soot matrix is currently the best available option for measurement of ULSD exhaust particles by the EEPS and that particle effective density distributions similar to the fractal-like one used here are an accurate estimate for ULSD exhaust particles under many conditions. However, based on the discrepancies between the EEPS and SMPS measured biodiesel exhaust PSDs observed here, as well as a current lack of information on the effective density of biodiesel exhaust particles, it is clear that additional research is necessary in order to understand the properties of biodiesel exhaust particles, especially as they relate to electrical mobility measurements and IPSD estimation of PM mass

4-H club circular ; 025

Prepared by Miss Marion K. White, Extension Specialist in Nutrition, in collaboration with Miss Jane Hinote, Miss Margaret C. Huston and Miss Sara Chiles, Assistant State Club Agents, as a revision of the original material prepared by Miss Marion E. Dunshee, Extension Specialist in Nutrition."April, 1928" (Reprinted, January, 1930

Talazoparib plus enzalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: TALAPRO-2 phase III study design

PARP inhibitor; Androgen receptor; EnzalutamideInhibidor de PARP; Receptor d'andrògens; EnzalutamidaInhibidor de PARP; Receptor de andrógenos; EnzalutamidaPARP inhibitors in combination with androgen receptor-targeted therapy have demonstrated potential in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we describe the design and rationale of the multinational, phase III, two-part TALAPRO-2 study comparing talazoparib plus enzalutamide versus placebo plus enzalutamide as a first-line treatment for patients with mCRPC with or without DNA damage response (DDR) alterations. This study has two co-primary end points: radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) by blinded independent clinical review in all-comers (cohort 1) and in patients with DDR alterations (cohort 2). TALAPRO-2 will demonstrate whether talazoparib plus enzalutamide can significantly improve the efficacy of enzalutamide in terms of rPFS in both molecularly unselected and DDR-deficient patients with mCRPC (NCT03395197)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in rats. Comparison between paraffin and frozen section analysis

PURPOSE:To simulate a lymph node metastasis in an animal model using activated carbon, assess their identification in frozen section analysis and compare with histopathological examination in paraffin.METHODS:Thirty two adult female rats were used. They received the carbon injection on its hind legs. Half of the rats was sacrificed on day one, and the other half after 21 days. Thus, 64 lymph nodes were dissected and split longitudinally. One half of the lymph node was sent immediately to frozen section analysis. The other half was fixed in 10% formaldehyde to be cut in paraffin. Slides were divided into quadrants and classified by the presence of carbon in these four quadrants_ They were also classified by the carbon staining intensity.RESULTS:Comparing the slides obtained in the first day and 21 days, there was a tendency of carbon to spread over time, but without statistical significance. The intensity did not alter over time.CONCLUSION:There was no concordance between the two methods of pathological analysis, however the actived carbon was seen in all lymph nodes.UNIFESPUNIFESP Pathology DepartmentUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of SurgeryUNIFESP, Pathology DepartmentUNIFESP, Department of SurgerySciEL

Plain language summary of the design of the TALAPRO-2 study comparing talazoparib and enzalutamide versus enzalutamide and placebo in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Clinical trial; Enzalutamide; TalazoparibEnsayo clínico; Enzalutamida; TalazoparibAssaig clínic; Enzalutamida; TalazoparibWhat is this summary about? This summary describes the design of an ongoing research study (also known as a clinical trial) called TALAPRO-2. The TALAPRO-2 trial is testing the combination of two medicines called talazoparib and enzalutamide as a first treatment in adult men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The study began in December 2017 and has enrolled 1037 adult men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from 26 countries. What is metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer? Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is a type of cancer that has advanced beyond the prostate and continues to grow even when testosterone levels in the blood are suppressed. Which medicines are being tested? The combination of talazoparib plus enzalutamide will be compared with enzalutamide plus placebo. Enzalutamide is approved to treat men with prostate cancer. Talazoparib is not approved to treat men with prostate cancer. A placebo does not contain any active ingredients and is also known as a sugar pill. What are the aims of the TALAPRO-2 trial? The TALAPRO-2 trial will find out if combining talazoparib with enzalutamide increases the length of time the men in the study live without their cancer getting worse compared with enzalutamide plus placebo. The study will also measure how long men in the study live and any side effects the men have while they are taking the study medicines. Researchers are also testing the DNA from the tumor cells of all men in the study to find out if they have faulty DNA repair genes. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT0339519 (ClinicalTrials.gov

Educar jovens num clube amador de futebol

Relatório de Estágio de Mestrado, Educação e Formação (Área de especialização em Desenvolvimento Social e Cultural), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2020Este relatório decorre do estágio curricular do Mestrado em Educação e Formação, na especialização em Desenvolvimento Social e Cultural, do Instituto de Educação da Universidade de Lisboa, realizado entre setembro de 2019 e junho de 2020, no clube de futebol BX Brussels, na cidade de Bruxelas. O trabalho teve como principais objetivos, a concepção, o desenvolvimento e o acompanhamento de atividades educativas. Neste sentido, centrou-se nos projetos já existentes, BX Perspective, BX School e BX Match, além da elaboração de uma nova estratégia para a instituição, no que se refere à visão do papel do clube na educação, através do desporto. Nas intervenções realizadas no âmbito do estágio adotou-se como perspectiva estruturadora a importância da formação integral dos jovens, decorrente das experiências de participação social, por meio da educação não formal. O período realizado numa organização desportiva, que orienta a sua intervenção para jovens da periferia urbana de Bruxelas, proporcionou-me o conhecimento da realidade deste público que busca a ascensão social através do futebol e o desenvolvimento de uma visão mais profunda da educação, enquanto estratégia para a promoção de uma formação integral, capaz de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de cidadãos que possam realizar seus anseios e participar ativamente na sociedade.Ce rapport est le résultat du stage du Master en Education et Formation, dans la spécialisation en Développement Social et Culturel, de l'Institut d'Education de l'Université de Lisbonne, qui s'est tenu entre septembre 2019 et juin 2020, au club de football BX Brussels, dans la ville de Bruxelles. L'objectif du stage était l'intégration dans l'institution, afin de promouvoir le soutien, le suivi, la conception et le développement d'activités éducatives. J'ai été principalement impliqué dans les projets BX Perspective, BX School et BX Match, en plus du développement d'une nouvelle stratégie pour l'institution, concernant la vision du rôle du club dans l'éducation par le sport. Dans les interventions réalisées dans le cadre du stage, l'importance de la formation intégrale des jeunes par le sport, résultant des expériences de participation sociale, par le biais de l'éducation non formelle, a été adoptée comme perspective structurante. Le stage effectué dans une organisation sportive, qui oriente son intervention vers les jeunes de la périphérie urbaine de Bruxelles, m'a permis de connaître la réalité des jeunes qui cherchent à s'élever socialement grâce au football et de développer une vision plus profonde de l'éducation, comme stratégie de promotion d'une éducation intégrale, capable de contribuer à la formation de citoyens, qui peuvent réaliser leurs désirs et participer activement à la société