273 research outputs found
Full TCP/IP for 8-Bit architectures
We describe two small and portable TCP/IP implementations fulfilling the subset of RFC1122 requirements needed for full host-to-host interoperability. Our TCP/IP implementations do not sacrifice any of TCP's mechanisms such as urgent data or congestion control. They support IP fragment reassembly and the number of multiple simultaneous connections is limited only by the available RAM. Despite being small and simple, our implementations do not require their peers to have complex, full-size stacks, but can communicate with peers running a similarly light-weight stack. The code size is on the order of 10 kilobytes and RAM usage can be configured to be as low as a few hundred bytes
A Low-Overhead Script Language for Tiny Networked Embedded Systems
With sensor networks starting to get mainstream acceptance, programmability is of increasing importance.
Customers and field engineers will need to reprogram existing deployments and software developers
will need to test and debug software in network testbeds. Script languages, which are a popular
mechanism for reprogramming in general-purpose computing, have not been considered for wireless sensor
networks because of the perceived overhead of interpreting a script language on tiny sensor nodes.
In this paper we show that a structured script language is both feasible and efficient for programming
tiny sensor nodes. We present a structured script language, SCript, and develop an interpreter for the
language. To reduce program distribution energy the SCript interpreter stores a tokenized representation
of the scripts which is distributed through the wireless network. The ROM and RAM footprint of the
interpreter is similar to that of existing virtual machines for sensor networks. We show that the interpretation
overhead of our language is on par with that of existing virtual machines. Thus script languages,
previously considered as too expensive for tiny sensor nodes, are a viable alternative to virtual machines
The ContikiMAC Radio Duty Cycling Protocol
Low-power wireless devices must keep their radio
transceivers off as much as possible to reach a low power
consumption, but must wake up often enough to be able to
receive communication from their neighbors. This report
describes the ContikiMAC radio duty cycling mechanism,
the default radio duty cycling mechanism in Contiki 2.5,
which uses a power efficient wake-up mechanism with
a set of timing constraints to allow device to keep their
transceivers off. With ContikiMAC, nodes can participate
in network communication yet keep their radios turned
off for roughly 99% of the time. This report describes the
ContikiMAC mechanism, measures the energy consumption
of individual ContikiMAC operations, and evaluates
the efficiency of the fast sleep and phase-lock optimizations
On-demand Construction of Non-interfering Multiple Paths in Wireless Sensor Networks
In this paper we present a routing scheme for on-demand construction of multiple non-interfering paths in wireless sensor networks. One usage of this multipath scheme is to provide a source the ability to increase the likelihood that its data reaches the sink by sending a copy of a packet on more than one path. The routing scheme is based on the assumption that the sensor nodes are aware of their geographic position
Poster Abstract: Low-Power Wireless IPv6 Routing with ContikiRPL
RPL is the IETF candidate standard for IPv6 routing in low-power wireless sensor networks. We present the first experimental results of RPL which we have obtained with our ContikiRPL implementation. Our results show that Tmote Sky motes running IPv6 with RPL routing have a battery lifetime of years, while delivering 0.6 packets per second to a sink node
Cooja TimeLine: A Power Visualizer for Sensor Network Simulation
Power consumption is one of the most important factors
in wireless sensor network research, but most simulators do
not provide support for visualizing the power consumption
of an entire sensor network. This makes it hard to develop,
debug, and understand mechanisms and protocols based on
power-saving mechanisms. We present Cooja TimeLine, an
extension to Contiki’s Cooja network simulator, that visualizes
radio traffic and radio usage of sensor networks. Cooja
TimeLine makes is possible to visually see the behavior of
low-power protocols and mechanisms thereby increasing the
understanding of the behavior of sensor networks. We see
this as an important tool for the field moving forward
A Simple and Efficient Method to Mitigate the Hot Spot Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks
Much work on wireless sensor networks deals with or considers the hot
spot problem, i.e., the problem that the sensor nodes closest to the
base station are critical for the lifetime of the sensor network
because these nodes need to relay more packet than nodes further away
from the base station. Since it is often assumed that sensor nodes
will become inexpensive, a simple solution to the hot spot problem is
to place additional sensor nodes around the base stations. Using a
simple mathematical model we discuss the possible performance gains of
adding these supplementary nodes. Our results show that for certain
networks only a limited number of additional nodes are required to
fourfold network lifetime. We also show that the possible gain depends
heavily on the fraction of nodes already present in the vicinity of
the base station
Demo: Snap – Rapid Sensornet Deployment with a Sensornet Appstore
Despite ease of deployment being seen as a primary advantage
of sensor networks, deployment remains difficult.
We present Snap, a system for rapid sensornet deployment
that allows sensor networks to be deployed, positioned, and
reprogrammed through a sensornet appstore. Snap uses a
smartphone interface that uses QR codes for node identification, a map interface for node positioning, and dynamic loading of applications on the nodes. Snap nodes run the Contiki
operating system and its low-power IPv6 network stack that
provides direct access from nodes to the smartphone application.
We demonstrate rapid sensor node deployment, identification,
positioning, and node reprogramming within seconds, over
a multi-hop sensornet routing path with a WiFi-connected
smartphone
A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki
Internet of Things devices will by and large
be battery-operated, but existing application protocols
have typically not been designed with power-efficiency in
mind. In low-power wireless systems, power-efficiency is
determined by the ability to maintain a low radio duty
cycle: keeping the radio off as much as possible. We
present an implementation of the IETF Constrained
Application Protocol (CoAP) for the Contiki operating system
that leverages the ContikiMAC low-power duty cycling
mechanism to provide power efficiency. We experimentally
evaluate our low-power CoAP, demonstrating that an
existing application layer protocol can be made power-efficient
through a generic radio duty cycling mechanism.
To the best of our knowledge, our CoAP implementation is
the first to provide power-efficient operation through radio
duty cycling. Our results question the need for specialized
low-power mechanisms at the application layer, instead
providing low-power operation only at the radio duty
cycling layer
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