Defending the slave trade and slavery in Britain in the Era of Abolition, 1783-1833

This study seeks to explore the nature and activities of the anti-abolitionists in the era of British abolition. There were Britons who actively opposed the idea of abolishing the slave trade and West Indian slavery. They published works promoting and defending the trade and the institution of slavery. They challenged abolitionist assertions and claims about life in the colonies and the nature of the slaves and attacked the sentimental nature of abolitionist rhetoric. Proslavery MPs argued in Parliament for the maintenance of slavery and the slave trade. Members of the West Indian interest formed committees to produce their own propaganda and petitions. They also worked with Parliament to develop strategies to ameliorate slavery and end British slaveholding, whilst securing several more years of plantation labour and financial compensation for slaveholders. Politicians, writers, members of the West Indian interest, and their supporters actively fought to maintain colonial slavery and the prosperity of Britain and the colonies. A wide range of sources has been employed to reveal the true nature of the proslavery arguments advanced in Britain in the era of abolition. These include committee minutes, petitions, pamphlets, reviews, manuals, travel writing, scientific studies, political prints, portraits, poetry and song, plays, and the records of every parliamentary debate on slavery, the slave trade, and the West Indian colonies. Specific proslavery and anti-abolitionist arguments have been identified and analysed using these sources, with some commentary on how the setting or genre potentially impacted on the argument being presented. This analysis reveals that economic, racial, legal, historical, strategic, religious, moral, and humanitarian arguments were all used to counter the growing popularity of abolition and emancipation. Proslavery rhetoric in Parliament is also analysed, revealing an active proslavery side committed to fighting abolition. Overall, this study contributes to our current understanding of the timing, nature, and reception of British abolition in Britain by showing that the process was influenced by a serious debate

Políticas e Guerras da cultura: filtros de investimento público como "pós-censura"

This article examines how Brazilian Culture Wars have made arisen a “post-censorship” regime, a set of constraints on freedom of expression. We focus on measures taken by Bolsonaro administration regarding the public funding of cultural initiatives from 2019 to 2021, and detail the political and legal effects of such actions. Accordingly, we deal with the interruption of a call for public broadcasting contents; the embargo on Vladimir Herzog Institute fundraising prospection; and the deferral of the analysis of proposals designed for cities facing lockdown restrictions during the pandemic. The article is based on press and social media contents, court decisions and notes from government agencies. Our methodological approach is inspired by controversy analysis.Este artigo investiga a relação entre o ambiente de "guerra cultural" no Brasil e o regime de moderação de liberdades expressivas conhecido como "pós-censura", analisando como os dois fenômenos se interligam na gestão de fundos públicos de incentivo à cultura pelo governo Bolsonaro. Reconstituímos os desdobramentos jurídicos e políticos de três medidas da Secretaria Especial de Cultura entre 2019 e 2021: a suspensão de um edital para TVs públicas; a inabilitação do Instituto Vladimir Herzog para captação de recursos; e a paralisação da análise de projetos previstos para cidades que adotassem ações de lockdown . Decisões judiciais, notas de órgãos de governo, material de imprensa e de redes sociais compõem o corpus, examinado sob as premissas da análise de controvérsias públicas

My migraine voice survey. aA global study of disease burden among individuals with migraine for whom preventive treatments have failed

Background: Migraine is associated with many debilitating symptoms that affect daily functioning. My Migraine Voice is a large global cross-sectional study aimed at understanding the full burden and impact of migraine directly from patients suffering from ≥4 monthly migraine days (MMDs) with a history of prophylactic treatment failure. Methods: This study was conducted worldwide (31 countries across North and South Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Northern Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region) using an online survey administered to adults with migraine who reported ≥4 MMDs in the 3 months preceding survey administration, with pre-specified criteria of 90% having used preventive migraine treatment (80% with history of ≥1 treatment failure). Prophylactic treatment failure was defined as a reported change in preventive medication by individuals with migraine for any reason, at least once. Results: In total, 11,266 individuals participated in the survey. Seventy-four percent of the participants reported spending time in darkness/isolation due to migraine (average: 19 h/month). While 85% of all respondents reported negative aspects of living with migraine (feeling helpless, depressed, not understood), sleeping difficulties (83%), and fear of the next attack (55%), 57% shared ≥1 positive aspect (learning to cope, becoming a stronger person). Forty-nine percent reported feeling limited in daily activities throughout all migraine phases. Migraine impact on professional, private, or social domains was reported by 87% of respondents (51% in all domains). In the previous 12 months, 38% of respondents had visited the emergency department (average: 3.3 visits), whereas 23% stayed in hospital overnight (average: 3.2 nights) due to migraine. Conclusions: The burden of migraine is substantial among this cohort of individuals with at least 4 migraine days per month and for whom at least 1 preventive migraine treatment had failed. Interestingly, respondents reported some positive aspects in their migraine journey; the greater resilience and strength brought on by coping with migraine suggests that if future treatments could address existing unmet needs, these individuals with migraine will be able to maximize their contribution to society

Integrative taxonomy supports two new species of Chimarra Stephens, 1829 from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Chimarra Stephens, 1829 is the largest genus of the Philopotamidae with about 930 species and cosmopolitan distribution. Recent taxonomic revisions have subdivided the genus into four subgenera: Chimarra, Curgia Walker, 1860, Chimarrita Blahnik, 1997, and Otarrha Blahnik, 2002, the last three restricted to the New World. In this paper, we describe and illustrate two new species of Chimarra from Brazil, C. (Otarrha) paraodonta sp. nov. from Rio de Janeiro State and C. (Chimarrita) truncata sp. nov. from Amazonas and Pará states. Partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, DNA barcodes) were generated and integrated with morphological evidence to delimit the new species and evaluate their phylogenetic relationships within the genus. A maximum likelihood analysis of 48 COI sequences representing 19 species of Chimarra corroborated their subgeneric assignment based on morphology and highlighted their putative sister species. Both new species showed high K2P divergences when compared to their sister species: Chimarra (O.) paraodonta sp. nov. and C. (O.) odonta (17.4–21.3%) and Chimarra (C.) truncata sp. nov. and C. (C.) simpliciforma (20.0–21.3%). These distances are comparable to the range of interspecific distances calculated for the whole genus (13.6–22.7%), adding support to their description as new species. This analysis was especially important because of the high morphological similarity of C. paraodonta sp. nov. and C. odonta. Finally, analysis of the sequences of Chimarra odonta suggests that the nominal species may represent a complex of cryptic species with high intraspecific divergences (up to 18.1%), with at least two of those lineages co-occurring with C. paraodonta sp. nov. at Parque Nacional do Itatiaia

Economic Evaluation of Eight Regional Scenarios for the Deployment of Carbon Capture, Use and Storage in Southern and Eastern Europe to 2050

During the three-year EU-funded STRATEGY CCUS project [1] [3] (2019-2022), Carbon Capture, Use and Storage (CCUS) scenarios formulated for eight regions in Southern and Eastern Europe were developed and economically evaluated up to 2050. These regional CCUS scenarios are based on both the performances of local industries in operation and for which CCUS is a relevant mitigation alternative, as well as the regional storage capacities known to date. The eight CCUS regional scenarios are in: 1) Paris basin and 2) Rhône Valley in France, 3) Ebro basin in Spain, 4) Lusitanian basin in Portugal, 5) Northern Croatia, 6) Upper Silesia in Poland, 7) West Macedonian area in Greece and 8) Galati area in Romania. They cover an extensive and original portfolio of possible CCUS business models. While some scenarios assume that the captured CO2 is used for synthetic methane or chemical production, in most cases the captured CO2 is sent to CO2 storage facilities. The biogenic CO2 captured is monitored and its storage time in new uses watched. The economic evaluation considers the negative CO2 emissions resulting from the long-term storage or use of captured biogenic CO2. This paper compares the economic Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of these eight CCUS business cases with the carbon penalties that would have been charged to the same industries to remain in compliance with the European Union - Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The calculated KPIs mainly reflect the costs and revenues expressed in euros per ton of CO2 avoided or removed for the whole regional scenario until 2050

GÉNERO Y CULTURA POPULAR EN LA INTERVENCIÓN DE PLAZAS COMERCIALES PATRIMONIALES

Las áreas históricas en América Latina han experimentado procesos de patrimonialización relativamente recientes, donde los centros históricos, correspondientes al tejido de fundación española, han retomado importancia. En consecuencia, se han ejecutado un sinnúmero de proyectos sobre sus espacios públicos con la finalidad de regenerarlos. En el caso de las plazas comerciales, que históricamente han ocupado determinados entornos del área patrimonializada, estas intervenciones se han caracterizado por la búsqueda de un orden y estética que se contrapone a su condición marcadamente popular. Con el objetivo de identificar la problemática derivada de estos procesos de regeneración, los valores patrimoniales que mantienen y las características que invisibilizan o desplazan, se aplica un diseño metodológico basado en técnicas de observación y levantamiento de encuestas y entrevistas en dos plazas comerciales del Centro Histórico de Cuenca, en Ecuador, tras ser intervenidas luego de su declaratoria como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad, en 1999. Se obtienen dos hallazgos fundamentales: por una parte, el importante uso de estos contextos por mujeres, niños y niñas, quienes son omitidos dentro de los proyectos de intervención; y el desplazamiento de determinadas características. Finalmente, se propone una revisión a la planificación de este tipo de intervenciones para tornarlamás horizontal; para ello, se toma en consideración tres escalas de actuación. Palabras clave: Centro Histórico, mercado popular, regeneración urbana, perspectiva de género. AbstractHistoric areas in Latin America have undergone relatively recent processes of heritagization, where historic centers corresponding to the urban grid of Spanish foundations have regained importance. As a result, countless projects have been implemented in their public spaces with the aim of regenerating them. In the case of commercial squares, which have historically occupied certain spaces of the heritage area, these interventions have been characterized by the search for order and aesthetics that contrast with their markedly popular condition. To identify the problems derived from these regeneration processes, the heritage values they maintain,and the characteristics they omit or displace, a methodological design based on observation techniques, surveys, and interviews was applied in two commercial plazas in the Historic Center of Cuenca in Ecuador, after they were intervened following their declaration as Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 1999. Two fundamental findings were obtained: on the one hand, the critical use of these contexts by women and children, who are omitted from the intervention projects, and the displacement of certain characteristics. Finally, a revision of the planning of this type of intervention is proposed in order to make it more horizontal, to this end, three scales of action are considered. Keywords: Historic Center, popular market, urban regeneration, gender perspective

The Importance of an Early Onset of Migraine Preventive Disease Control: A Roundtable Discussion

Background: Newly approved migraine preventive therapies have allowed for rapid control of migraine activity, offering potential to minimize the burden of migraine. This report summarizes a roundtable discussion convened to analyze evidence for early onset of prevention, ascertain its clinical relevance, and provide guidance for healthcare professionals in crafting goals and treatment expectations for patients with migraine initiating preventive therapy. Methods: A virtual roundtable meeting of migraine clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates convened in October 2020. Participants reviewed and discussed data summarizing patient and healthcare professional perceptions of migraine prevention and evidence from the peer-reviewed and gray literature to develop corresponding recommendations. Summary: Evidence from clinical studies of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab) and the chemodenervation agent onabotulinumtoxinA indicate that patients may experience reduction of migraine activity within 7 days of drug administration and early attainment of disease control is associated with improvements in clinically important outcomes. The roundtable of experts proposes that early onset be defined as demonstration of preventive benefits within 1 week of treatment initiation. We recommend focusing discussion with patients around “disease control” and potential benefits of early onset of prevention, so patients can set realistic preventive therapy goals and expectations