Seroprevalence of Caprine Brucellosis and Its Associated Risk Factor in Mirab Abay district, South Eastern Ethiopia

Brucellosis is an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease resulting in a serious economic loss in animal production sector and deterioration of public health. There is no previous study information on Seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in Mirab Abay district. The cross sectional study was conducted with objective of determining prevalence and associated risk factors for caprine brucellosis from four selected peasant association (PAs) in Mirab Abaya districts through February to April in 2009. A total of 389 blood samples collected from goats and tested for the presence of brucella antibodies. Sera were first screened for brucella antibodies by modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and positive sera were further subjected to test using the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for confirmation. Out of 26 (6.7%) mRBPT positive sera subjected to retest by using CFT confirmed that 20 (5.1%) were positive for the caprine brucellosis. Among variety of factors considered, age of goats was found to be significantly associated with seropositivity (P<0.05). On the other hand, statistical analysis of the data showed no significant difference in seroprevalence to Brucella antibodies with that of herd size and sex of animal examined (P>0.05). The results revealed that established circulation of the organism in the study area. Thus, appropriate control measures needs due consideration. Keywords: Brucellosis, Caprine, CFT, mRBPT, seroprevalence, Mirab Abaya, Ethiopia

Escherchia Coli O157:H7 as an Important Cause of Food Borne Illness

Escherichia coli O157 is the most common member of a group of pathogenic E. coli strains and a cause for food borne illness. Transmission of E. coli O157:H7 to humans is principally via contamination of food by animal faeces, with cattle considered to be the primary reservoir. Typical illness as a result of an E. coli O157:H7 infection in humans can be life threatening, and susceptible individuals show a range of symptoms including haemolytic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura. People of all ages are susceptible to infection with enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. However, the young and the elderly are more susceptible and are more likely to develop more serious symptoms. The enteric habitat of E. coli in animals provides easy access to animal-derived meats at slaughter and at points downstream in the food production process. An effective control program to substantially reduce E. coli O157:H7 infections will require the implementation of intervention strategies throughout the food continuum, from farm to table. Keywords: E. coli O157:H7, Enterohemorrhagic, Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Shiga-like toxi

A Cross-Sectional, Abattoir-Based Study

Abstract Toxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) are an important cause of gastroenteritis in developing countries. In Ethiopia, gastroenteritis due to food-borne disease is a leading cause of death. Yet, there is no surveillance for E. coli O157 and little is known about the carriage of this pathogen in Ethiopia’s livestock. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and levels of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157 in goat meat, feces, and environmental samples collected at a large abattoir in the Somali region of Ethiopia. The samples were enriched in modified tryptone broth containing novobiocin, and plated onto sorbitol MacConkey agar. Isolates were confirmed using indole test and latex agglutination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method. A total of 235 samples, including 93 goat carcass swabs, 93 cecal contents, 14 water, 20 hand, and 15 knife swabs were collected. Overall, six (2.5%) samples were contaminated with E. coli O157 of which two (2.1%) were isolated from cecal contents, three (3.2%) from carcass swabs, and one (7.1%) from water. All isolates were resistant to at least two of the 18 antimicrobials tested. Two isolates (33.3%) were resistant to more than five antimicrobials. Abattoir facilities and slaughter techniques were conducive to carcass contamination. This study highlights how poor hygiene and slaughter practice can result in contaminated meat, which is especially risky in Ethiopia because of the common practice of eating raw meat. We detect multi-resistance to drugs not used in goats, suggesting that drugs used to treat human infections may be the originators of antimicrobial resistance in livestock in this ecosystem. The isolation of multidrug-resistant E. coli O157 from goats from a remote pastoralist system highlights the need for global action on regulating and monitoring antimicrobial use in both human and animal populations

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 isolates.

<p>^aKey for Table 2: AMP: ampicillin, AMC: amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, FOX: cefoxitin, E: erythromycin, F: nitrofurantoin, S: streptomycin, SXT: sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, S3: sulfonamides, TE: tetracycline</p><p>Antimicrobial resistance patterns of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 isolates.</p

Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157 from Goats in the Somali Region of Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional, Abattoir-Based Study

<div><p>Toxigenic <i>Escherichia coli (E</i>. <i>coli)</i> are an important cause of gastroenteritis in developing countries. In Ethiopia, gastroenteritis due to food-borne disease is a leading cause of death. Yet, there is no surveillance for <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 and little is known about the carriage of this pathogen in Ethiopia’s livestock. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and levels of antimicrobial resistance of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 in goat meat, feces, and environmental samples collected at a large abattoir in the Somali region of Ethiopia. The samples were enriched in modified tryptone broth containing novobiocin, and plated onto sorbitol MacConkey agar. Isolates were confirmed using indole test and latex agglutination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method. A total of 235 samples, including 93 goat carcass swabs, 93 cecal contents, 14 water, 20 hand, and 15 knife swabs were collected. Overall, six (2.5%) samples were contaminated with <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 of which two (2.1%) were isolated from cecal contents, three (3.2%) from carcass swabs, and one (7.1%) from water. All isolates were resistant to at least two of the 18 antimicrobials tested. Two isolates (33.3%) were resistant to more than five antimicrobials. Abattoir facilities and slaughter techniques were conducive to carcass contamination. This study highlights how poor hygiene and slaughter practice can result in contaminated meat, which is especially risky in Ethiopia because of the common practice of eating raw meat. We detect multi-resistance to drugs not used in goats, suggesting that drugs used to treat human infections may be the originators of antimicrobial resistance in livestock in this ecosystem. The isolation of multidrug-resistant <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> O157 from goats from a remote pastoralist system highlights the need for global action on regulating and monitoring antimicrobial use in both human and animal populations.</p></div

Antimicrobials used and interpretation of resistance.

<p>Antimicrobials used and interpretation of resistance.</p

Checklist and results of observational survey on abattoir hygiene.

<p>Checklist and results of observational survey on abattoir hygiene.</p