6,241 research outputs found
Summer Workshop on Near-Earth Resources
The possible large scale use of extraterrestrial resources was addressed, either to construct structures in space or to return to Earth as supplements for terrestrial resources. To that end, various specific recommendations were made by the participants in the summer study on near-Earth resources, held at La Jolla, California, 6 to 13 August, 1977. The Moon and Earth-approaching asteroids were considered. Summaries are included of what is known about their compositions and what needs to be learned, along with recommendations for missions designed to provide the needed data. Tentative schedules for these projects are also offered
Responses of Hyalella azteca and Ceridaphnia dubia to reservoir sediments following Chelated Copper Herbicide Applications
In response to nuisance growths of algae and vascular
plants, such as dioecious hydrilla (
Hydrilla verticillata
L.f.
Royle), copper formulations have been applied in lakes and
reservoirs for a number of years. Concerns have arisen regarding
the long-term consequences of copper applications
and those concerns have appropriately focused on sediment
residues. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of sediments
from treated (for a decade) and untreated areas in Lake
Murray, South Carolina and estimated the capacity of those
sediments to bind additional copper. Two sentinel aquatic invertebrates,
Hyalella azteca
Saussure and
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Richard, were used to measure residual toxicity of treated
and untreated sediments from the field and after laboratory
amendments. (PDF has 5 pages.
Systematic Variation in Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Land Preservation and Implications for Benefit Transfer: A Meta-Analysis
Despite prior studies examining willingness to pay for farmland preservation there has been no quantitative, systematic analysis of findings across the literature. This paper presents the first statistical meta-analysis of farmland preservation values. Results confirm systematic variations in willingness to pay, with value surfaces corresponding to theoretical expectations. Findings also provide significant insight into the potential for valid meta-analytic, function based benefit transfer. Results suggest, for example, that transfer validity is critically dependent on jurisdictional scale. Transfer errors are modest for community scale farmland preservation, but large for state scale preservation policies in which per acre welfare estimates are small.Land Economics/Use,
Results of the August 1977 Soviet and American meterological rocketsonde intercomparison held at Wallops Island, Virginia
A coordinated program of rocketsonde investigations along about 60 deg E and 70 deg W between the United States and U.S.S.R. is discussed. The rocketsonde instruments used by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. were compared and the results are presented. The U.S. Super Loki Datasonde and the U.S.S.R. M100B rocketsonde are discussed. Results indicate that the U.S/U.S.S.R. rocketsonde measurement agreement improved since the 1973 intercomparisons. It was learned that the mean of the differences of the temperatures compare to within 6 C at about 60 km and to within 2 C near 50 km. Wind measurements were also found to agree
Systems, interactions and macrotheory
A significant proportion of early HCI research was guided by one very clear vision: that the existing theory base in psychology and cognitive science could be developed to yield engineering tools for use in the interdisciplinary context of HCI design. While interface technologies and heuristic methods for behavioral evaluation have rapidly advanced in both capability and breadth of application, progress toward deeper theory has been modest, and some now believe it to be unnecessary. A case is presented for developing new forms of theory, based around generic “systems of interactors.” An overlapping, layered structure of macro- and microtheories could then serve an explanatory role, and could also bind together contributions from the different disciplines. Novel routes to formalizing and applying such theories provide a host of interesting and tractable problems for future basic research in HCI
Surface nano-patterning through styrene adsorption on Si(100)
We present an ab initio study of the structural and electronic properties of
styrene molecules adsorbed on the dimerized Si(100) surface at different
coverages, ranging from the single-molecule to the full monolayer. The
adsorption mechanism primarily involves the vinyl group via a [2+2]
cycloaddition process that leads to the formation of covalent Si-C bonds and a
local surface derelaxation, while it leaves the phenyl group almost
unperturbed. The investigation of the functionalized surface as a function of
the coverage (e.g. 0.5 -- 1 ML) and of the substrate reconstruction reveals two
major effects. The first results from Si dimer-vinyl interaction and concerns
the controlled variation of the energy bandgap of the interface. The second is
associated to phenyl-phenyl interactions, which gives rise to a regular pattern
of electronic wires at surface, stemming from the pi-pi coupling. These
findings suggest a rationale for tailoring the surface nano-patterning of the
surface, in a controlled way.Comment: 19 pages (preprint), 4 figures, supplementary materia
Gel-Electrophoresis and Diffusion of Ring-Shaped DNA
A model for the motion of ring-shaped DNA in a gel is introduced and studied
by numerical simulations and a mean-field approximation. The ring motion is
mediated by finger-shaped loops (hernias) that move in an amoeba-like fashion
around the gel obstructions. This constitutes an extension of previous
reptation tube treatments. It is shown that tension is essential for describing
the dynamics in the presence of hernias. It is included in the model as long
range interactions over stretched DNA regions. The mobility of ring-shaped DNA
is found to saturate much as in the well-studied case of linear DNA.
Experiments in polymer gels, however, show that the mobility drops
exponentially with the DNA ring size. This is commonly attributed to
dangling-ends in the gel that can impale the ring. The predictions of the
present model are expected to apply to artificial 2D obstacle arrays (W.D.
Volkmuth, R.H. Austin, Nature 358,600 (1992)) which have no dangling-ends. In
the zero-field case an exact solution of the model steady-state is obtained,
and quantities such as the average ring size are calculated. An approximate
treatment of the ring dynamics is given, and the diffusion coefficient is
derived. The model is also discussed in the context of spontaneous symmetry
breaking in one dimension.Comment: 8 figures, LaTeX, Phys. Rev. E - in pres
Study of effects of fuel properties in turbine-powered business aircraft
Increased interest in research and technology concerning aviation turbine fuels and their properties was prompted by recent changes in the supply and demand situation of these fuels. The most obvious change is the rapid increase in fuel price. For commercial airplanes, fuel costs now approach 50 percent of the direct operating costs. In addition, there were occasional local supply disruptions and gradual shifts in delivered values of certain fuel properties. Dwindling petroleum reserves and the politically sensitive nature of the major world suppliers make the continuation of these trends likely. A summary of the principal findings, and conclusions are presented. Much of the material, especially the tables and graphs, is considered in greater detail later. The economic analysis and examination of operational considerations are described. Because some of the assumptions on which the economic analysis is founded are not easily verified, the sensitivity of the analysis to alternates for these assumptions is examined. The data base on which the analyses are founded is defined in a set of appendices
Report of the Terrestrial Bodies Science Working Group. Volume 4: The moon
A rationale for furture exploration of the moon is given. Topics discussed include the objectives of the lunar polar orbiter mission, the mission profile, and general characteristics of the spacraft to be used
A study of the stress wave factor technique for nondestructive evaluation of composite materials
The acousto-ultrasonic method of nondestructive evaluation is an extremely sensitive means of assessing material response. Efforts continue to complete the understanding of this method. In order to achieve the full sensitivity of the technique, extreme care must be taken in its performance. This report provides an update of the efforts to advance the understanding of this method and to increase its application to the nondestructive evaluation of composite materials. Included are descriptions of a novel optical system that is capable of measuring in-plane and out-of-plane displacements, an IBM PC-based data acquisition system, an extensive data analysis software package, the azimuthal variation of acousto-ultrasonic behavior in graphite/epoxy laminates, and preliminary examination of processing variation in graphite-aluminum tubes
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