The Policy of Japan Concerning Natural Resources of Mengjiang: Legal Aspects

With the beginning of military conformation against China in early 1930s, Japan began to consider its North-Eastern territories as part of the so-called “anti-Communist belt”, but in terms of economy as a market for the eхport of capital, exclusive sale of goods and a source of natural resources such as coal, minerals and animal products, which is an important strategic military resources. Therefore, the aim of this article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the main legal acts regulating economic policy Mengjiang during the Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Central part of Inner Mongolia, known later under the name of Mengjiang, was a matter of special interest, which is manifested in the creation in the mid-1930s the independent Mongol state. The region had an extensive pastures and rich sources of livestock production, so Japan, feeling an acute need for strategic military resources, by using local authorities and the system of state regulation as a tool, has pursued a policy of control of the economy, trying to implement its strategy of "War feeds war". In addition, Menssen was a strategically important territory and was considered by the Japanese armed forces as a springboard for attacks on the Soviet Union. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p13

Quasi-States and Autonomies of Northeast China as the Instrument of Ensuring Economic Stability of Japan (Based on the Materials of the American Mass Media the 1930s)

In article based on the materials of the American mass media the author constructs the autonomy process of Northeast China during the period preceding the Japanese-Chinese war of 1937-1945. The Japanese policy main stages on the creation of the semi-autonomous territories, the reasons interfering this plan implementation in whole, which it should be noted major confrontation in the Japan Cabinet, when the moderate politicians group supporting peaceful resolution of contradictions was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the militarists group - the minister of army and the command of Kwantung army supporting him, are established. Concluded that, first, Japan, being afraid of the negative international reaction, tried to solve the problem not military, but diplomatic and methods, and secondly, the Japanese policy on the continent was inconsistent and it was expressed in impossibility at an initial stage to achieve the status of the autonomy for five Chinese provinces and to declare the Autonomous Council of East Hebei, which under control territory covered only small part of one of the Chinese provinces. Creation of the Hopei-Chahar Political Council allowed both the Japanese, and the Chinese sides “to save face”, and the military campaign, which began in the summer of 1937, finished the transition process of the China northeast provinces under the Japan control through the creation of the quasi-state the Chinese Republic by the end of 1937. Invaders received in the order such tools as the circulation of the precious metals and drugs, finance, oil monopoly, customs points, etc., thereby having provided complete control over the region economy. Keywords: Northeast China, autonomy, quasi-state, economic policy of Japan, mass media JEL Classifications: F13, N15, N25, N45

Traditional Institutions of Public Authority in Mongol-Inhabited Lands of Imperial and Republican China, 1900s–1920s: Spatial Localization and Visualization

Introduction. The territorial organization of Inner Asian polities underwent significant transformations in the first quarter of the 20th century, which resulted in a need for its visualization. Goals. The article attempts to reconstruct the system of key public governance institutions in Mongol-inhabited lands of China in the mentioned period, and to describe tools of their visualization supposed to spot the former across present-day geographical points of the region. So, the study aims to examine some basic institutions of princely power and khoshun administration, religious and aimag/league-level authorities, impacts of the Chinese colonization on Mongol-inhabited territories, investigate sources, tools and methods instrumental in spatial localization and visualization of territorial /governance structures across the lands. Materials and methods. The work focuses on two groups of sources, namely: unpublished materials from P. Dudin’s doctoral thesis (manuscript) (Statehood of Inner Mongolia: Late 19th to Mid-20th Centuries) discussing public governance structures of Mongolian banners (counties); and unique maps of 1914/1925 mentioning khoshuns, aimags and leagues of almost all Mongol-inhabited domains. The research methodology rests on an interdisciplinary approach, methods of historical science to comprise the ideographic (descriptive-narrative) and retrospective ones, a narrative approach, and principles of historicism; knowledge of political science yields an opportunity to employ functional and behavioral approaches. The geographical methods involved rest on the scheme of analysis proposed in works of O. Medushevskaya (1957) and L. Goldenberg (1958), as well as on some analysis of the data generalization degree. Results. The work has reconstructed the early 20th-century system of key Mongolian public governance institutions, outlines how the system of princely power functioned, how khoshun-level administrative bodies took shape and worked, identifies the governance role of religious institutions, while insights into different levels of the administrative/territorial organization facilitates further understanding as to actual scopes of power attributed thereto, and makes it possible to visualize the investigated space with the aid of contemporary tools and techniques. Conclusions. The paper points to the efficiency of the then management system where it was the khoshun that had served — and remained — a key structural element. The latter’s detailed illustrations on V. Surin’s maps make it possible to restore the ancient territorial organization of Mongolia using the GIS system, free access be provided for researchers of the region

Innovative Environment Forming as the Most Important Condition of Implementation of Efficient Innovations in the Industrial Entrepreneurship Sphere

The article presents the notion of the innovative environment, considers its components and forming principles, studies the main approaches to forming of the economic system innovative environment

Weyl-fermions, Fermi-arcs, and minority-spin carriers in ferromagnetic CoS2

The pyrite compound CoS2 has been intensively studied in the past due to its itinerant ferromagnetism and potential for half-metallicity, which make it a promising material for spintronic applications. However, its electronic structure remains only poorly understood. Here we use complementary bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab-initio calculations to provide a complete picture of its band structure. We discover Weyl-cones at the Fermi-level, which presents CoS2 in a new light as a rare member of the recently discovered class of magnetic topological metals. We directly observe the topological Fermi-arc surface states that link the Weyl-nodes, which will influence the performance of CoS2 as a spin-injector by modifying its spin-polarization at interfaces. Additionally, we are for the first time able to directly observe a minority-spin bulk electron pocket in the corner of the Brillouin zone, which proves that CoS2 cannot be a true half-metal. Beyond settling the longstanding debate about half-metallicity in CoS2, our results provide a prime example of how the topology of magnetic materials can affect their use in spintronic applications

Erratum: A microscopic view on the Mott transition in chromium-doped V 2 O 3

Nature Communications 1, Article number: 105 (2010); published: 02 November 2010; updated: 17 January 2012. In Figure 2 of this Article, panel labels c and d were inadvertently switched. A typographical error was also introduced in the last sentence of the legend, which should have read 'The scale bar in panel c represents 10 μm'

Programming moir\'e patterns in 2D materials by bending

Moir\'e superlattices in twisted two-dimensional materials have generated tremendous excitement as a platform for achieving quantum properties on demand. However, the moir\'e pattern is highly sensitive to the interlayer atomic registry, and current assembly techniques suffer from imprecise control of the average twist angle, spatial inhomogeneity in the local twist angle, and distortions due to random strain. Here, we demonstrate a new way to manipulate the moir\'e patterns in hetero- and homo-bilayers through in-plane bending of monolayer ribbons, using the tip of an atomic force microscope. This technique achieves continuous variation of twist angles with improved twist-angle homogeneity and reduced random strain, resulting in moir\'e patterns with highly tunable wavelength and ultra-low disorder. Our results pave the way for detailed studies of ultra-low disorder moir\'e systems and the realization of precise strain-engineered devices