К вопросу определения гликемического индекса по глюкозе

The analysis of methods for determining the glycemic index (GI) of food products in vivo and in vitro. The authors note that the difference in the methodological approach to the determination of GI in vitro leads to obtaining results that are difficult to compare. A modified method for determining the GI for glucose is proposed, which is based on the method for determining the glycemic index for glucose, which makes it possible to assess the digestibility of various ingredients in products in terms of sugar load, and to calculate the glycemic index for glucose formed in the process of "digestion” of the test product in vitro. The modified technique provides for the use of digestive enzyme preparations: Acedin-pepsin and Panzinorm to provide a deeper "digestion” in vitro, providing a deep degree of hydrolysis of the main macronutrients in in vitro model experiments. The conditions for carrying out enzymatic hydrolysis reactions (temperature, pH, reaction duration) were selected experimentally. The studies carried out to determine the GI in vitro, according to the proposed method, showed comparable values, which indicates the possibility of using this method for the determination of GI in vitro. The results obtained should be considered as indicative, since the authors adhere to the position that the true value of the GI index can only be determined by blood analysis. But in this case, the value of GI is influenced by many factors, including the individual characteristics of the human organism.Проведен анализ методов определения гликемического индекса (ГИ) пищевых продуктов in vivo и in vitro. Авторы отмечают что разница в методическом подходе к определению ГИ in vitro приводит к получению, трудно сопоставимых результатов. Предложена модифицированная методика определения ГИ in vitro в основе которой лежит метод определения гликемического индекса по глюкозе, который позволяет оценить с точки зрения сахарной нагрузки усвояемость в продуктах различных ингредиентов, и рассчитать гликемический индекс по глюкозе, образовавшейся в процессе «переваривания» исследуемого продукта in vitro. Модифицированная методика предусматривает использование для обеспечения более глубокого «переваривания» in vitro пищеварительных ферментных препаратов: Ацедин-пепсин и Панзинорм, обеспечивающих в модельных экспериментах in vitro высокую степень гидролиза основных макронутриентов. Условия проведения реакций ферментативного гидролиза (температура, рН, продолжительность реакции) были подобраны экспериментально. Проведенные исследования по определению ГИ in vitro, согласно предложенной методике показали сопоставимые значения, что свидетельствует о возможности использования данной методики для определения ГИ in vitro. Однако, полученные результаты следует рассматривать как ориентировочные, поскольку авторы придерживаются позиции, что истинное значение показателя ГИ может быть определено лишь по анализу крови, но и в этом случае на значение ГИ влияет множество факторов, в том числе и индивидуальные особенности организма человека.

Evidence for diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis after three episodes of acute pancreatitis : a cross-sectional multicentre international study with experimental animal model

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an end-stage disease with no specific therapy; therefore, an early diagnosis is of crucial importance. In this study, data from 1315 and 318 patients were analysed from acute pancreatitis (AP) and CP registries, respectively. The population from the AP registry was divided into AP (n=983), recurrent AP (RAP, n=270) and CP (n=62) groups. The prevalence of CP in combination with AP, RAP2, RAP3, RAP4 and RAP5+was 0%, 1%, 16%, 50% and 47%, respectively, suggesting that three or more episodes of AP is a strong risk factor for CP. Laboratory, imaging and clinical biomarkers highlighted that patients with RAP3+do not show a significant difference between RAPs and CP. Data from CP registries showed 98% of patients had at least one AP and the average number of episodes was four. We mimicked the human RAPs in a mouse model and found that three or more episodes of AP cause early chronic-like morphological changes in the pancreas. We concluded that three or more attacks of AP with no morphological changes to the pancreas could be considered as early CP (ECP).The new diagnostic criteria for ECP allow the majority of CP patients to be diagnosed earlier. They can be used in hospitals with no additional costs in healthcare.Peer reviewe

The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis: Enzyme replacement therapy

The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis has been prepared on the initiative of the Russian Pancreatology Club to clarify and consolidate the opinions of Russian specialists (gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pediatricians) on the most significant problems of diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. This article continues a series of publications explaining the most significant interdisciplinary consensus statements and deals with enzyme replacement therapy

Russian consensus on exoand endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment

The Russian consensus on exo - and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment was prepared on the initiative of the Russian "Pancreatic Club" on the Delphi method. His goal was to clarify and consolidate the opinions of specialists on the most relevant issues of diagnosis and treatment of exo - and endocrine insufficiency after surgical interventions on the pancreas. An interdisciplinary approach is provided by the participation of leading gastroenterologists and surgeons

Chronic pancreatitis as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer (a clinical case)

The differential diagnosis between chronic pancreatitis   (CP) and  pancreatic   cancer  (PC) is a challenging  issue in the clinical practice, taking into account common  risk factors shared by these disorders   (smoking,  obesity,  diabetes   mellitus and insulin resistance), as well as a high risk of PC development  against  the  underlying  CP of 2 to 3 years' duration; this risk would  be  manifold  in hereditary CP. The article presents a clinical case of PC in a 60-year old man at three years after he had been  diagnosed with CP. The disease manifested from an acute  episode  of pancreatitis, which was treated in a hospital. Two years later, the  patient suffered from acute destructive pancreatitis complicated  by portal vein thrombosis and formation   of  pseudocysts.  Subsequently,  there was  a  rupture   of  the   post-necrotic  cyst  with leakage  into the  abdominal  cavity; this required surgical intervention. The differential diagnosis between CP and PC was done  at all steps  of the diagnostic work-up and treatment. However, afterthe inflammation  resolved, there  was a period of apparent well-being,  during  which  the  patient developed PC. This clinical case is intended to draw attention of clinicians, while making  differential diagnosis, to the detailed past history assessment, use of multiaxial computed tomography with intravenous      bolus      contrast      enhancement, and endoscopic  ultrasound examination  with elastography. In difficult cases, regular follow-up of at least every three months would be necessary

Functional pancreatic insufficiency after surgical treatment in the light of the latest international recommendations

Exocrine  and  endocrine   insufficiencies  are  frequent complications of surgical treatment for pancreatic diseases. The presence  and  extent  of the insufficiency depend on the underlying  disorder, type of surgical procedure, extent of pancreatic resection, and anatomical reconstruction. Increased surgical  activity  determines  the  importance  of the  evidence-based guidelines  for management of patients  after  pancreatic  surgery. The article presents  an  overview of international Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Exocrine Pancreatic  Insufficiency after  Pancreatic  Surgery (2016) and United European Gastroenterology evidence-based guidelines  for the  diagnosis  and therapy of chronic pancreatitis (HaPanEU, 2017)

Early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis is one of the most challenging disorders from the perspective of its early diagnosis and effective treatment. Within the last decade, the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis has been firmly introduced into the practice of gastroenterology. The delineation of this form as an initial stage of chronic pancreatitis is based on the need in early and effective treatment that could cease the progression of the disease and reduce the possibility of its complications. The diagnostic criteria of chronic pancreatitis have been described in details in the literature; however, specifics of the diagnosis in its early stage have been scarcely highlighted. Chronic pancreatitis is commonly diagnosed with a number of imaging techniques (they can show abnormalities in morphology of the pancreas), as well as laboratory tests (showing functional organ deficit). However, morphological and imaging techniques are insufficient for the diagnosis of the early chronic pancreatitis. A new integral strategy towards early diagnosis seems necessary, that would consider not only the morphology, but also potential etiology, risk factors of the disease and its complications in patients with suspected chronic pancreatitis. The review of the literature presents the definition of the early pancreatitis and discusses the potential of imaging techniques and functional tests in its diagnosis. An adequate strategy for the diagnosis of the early pancreatitis is formulated, based on an individual patient characteristic with suspected early chronic pancreatitis, namely, risk factors, clinical manifestations, imaging results and serological biomarkers

Antioxidant and hepatorenal protective effects of bee pollen fractions against propionic acid‐induced autistic feature in rats

In the brain, propionic acid (PA) can cross cell membranes and accumulate within cells, leading to intracellular acidification, which may alter neurotransmitter release (NT), communication between neurons, and behavior. Such elevation in levels of PA constitutes a neurodevelopmental metabolic disorder called propionic acidemia, which could clinically manifest as autism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of different fractions of bee pollen (BP) on PA‐induced autism in rats, and to evaluate their effects on the expression of liver and renal biomarkers. Groups of rats received treatments of different fractions of BP at a dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight/day for a period of 1 month. Normal control group I and group II were orally administered with phosphate‐buffered saline and propionic acid, respectively, for 3 days. BP contains various health‐promoting phenolic components. Different fractions of BP administered pre‐ and post‐treatment with PA showed significant reduction in the levels of liver and renal biomarkers (p < .05). Also, a significant enhancement in the levels of glutathione S‐transferase (GST), catalase CAT), and ascorbic acid (VIT C) was observed. Supplementation with BP significantly reduced biochemical changes in the liver, kidneys, and brain of rats with PA‐induced toxicity. It exhibited protective effects against oxidative damage and reactive oxygen species produced by PA‐induced adverse reactions in rats. Taken together, our study shows that BP possesses protective effects in PA‐induced liver and kidney damage

The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis

The Russian consensus (a consensus document) on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis has been prepared on the initiative of the Russian « Pancreatic Club» under the Delphi system. Its aim was to identify and consolidate the opinions of Russian experts on the most topical issues of the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. The interdisciplinary approach involved the participation of leading gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pediatricians

The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis

The Russian consensus (a consensus document) on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis has been prepared on the initiative of the Russian « Pancreatic Club» under the Delphi system. Its aim was to identify and consolidate the opinions of Russian experts on the most topical issues of the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. The interdisciplinary approach involved the participation of leading gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pediatricians