A Survey on Feature Selection Algorithms

One major component of machine learning is feature analysis which comprises of mainly two processes: feature selection and feature extraction. Due to its applications in several areas including data mining, soft computing and big data analysis, feature selection has got a reasonable importance. This paper presents an introductory concept of feature selection with various inherent approaches. The paper surveys historic developments reported in feature selection with supervised and unsupervised methods. The recent developments with the state of the art in the on-going feature selection algorithms have also been summarized in the paper including their hybridizations. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16043

DEVELOPMENT OF CIPROFLOXACIN LOADED THROAT PAINT FOR THE TREATMENT OF STREP THROAT INFECTION

Objective: This study is to enhance the solubility and sustained release of ciprofloxacin (CPX) drug by amplifying the adhesive capability of formulation by forming throat paint for the Streptococcal pharyngitis, a sore throat infection. Methods: Solid dispersion was prepared by solvent evaporation technique, in which three different ratios of Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) were selected, and the best ratio of solid dispersion was selected after characterization including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with evaluation parameters including % yield, drug content, and drug solubility. In the case of throat paint, out of six different formulations, the best formulation was selected through viscosity, in vitro mucoadhesion, in situ release study, and spreadability parameters. Results: The DSC and SEM data proved that solid dispersion has a different moiety than its ingredients but it is quite a stable form. Formulation MD-2 was selected as the best formulation which able to increase the solubility of the drug by more than 3.5 folds, at the same time it shows the highest rate of drug dissolution of 13.951 μg/ml with % yield (97.199±0.167%) and drug content (96.425%). Throat paint was formed by fusion and trituration process and out of all six formulations F3 was selected as the best formulation on the basis of Viscosity (11932 Centi poise), Spreadability (17.621), Mucoadhesion (3937.481 dyne/cm2), and drug release (90.336±0.6%). Conclusion: Solid dispersion was successfully prepared with 3.5 times of solubility enhancement capability in comparison with pure CPX drug. The throat paint releases the drug (≥3 h) in a sustained manner with high mucoadhesive force

The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Response Signaling

Plant species utilize a variety of regulatory mechanisms to ensure sustainable productivity. Within this intricate framework, numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial regulatory role in plant biology, surpassing the essential functions of RNA molecules as messengers, ribosomal, and transfer RNAs. ncRNAs represent an emerging class of regulators, operating directly in the form of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). These ncRNAs exert control at various levels, including transcription, posttranscription, translation, and epigenetic. Furthermore, they interact with each other, contributing to a variety of biological processes and mechanisms associated with stress resilience. This review primarily concentrates on the recent advancements in plant ncRNAs, delineating their functions in growth and development across various organs such as root, leaf, seed/endosperm, and seed nutrient development. Additionally, this review broadens its scope by examining the role of ncRNAs in response to environmental stresses such as drought, salt, flood, heat, and cold in plants. This compilation offers updated information and insights to guide the characterization of the potential functions of ncRNAs in plant growth, development, and stress resilience in future research

Comparison Study and Review on Object-Oriented Metrics

The best elucidations to software development problems are regularly touted as object-oriented processes. The popularity of object-oriented design metrics is essential in software engineering for measuring the software complexity, estimating size, quality and project efforts. There are various approaches through which we can find the software cost estimation and predicates on various kinds of deliverable items. Object-oriented metrics assures to reduce cost and the maintenance effort by serving as early predictors to estimate software faults. Such an early quantification augments the quality of the final software. This paper reviews object-oriented metrics. A comparison table is maintained via which we can analyze the difference between all the object-oriented metrics effectively

In Silico Characterization of Pectate Lyase Protein Sequences from Different Source Organisms

A total of 121 protein sequences of pectate lyases were subjected to homology search, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and motif analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed revealed different clusters based on different source organisms representing bacterial, fungal, plant, and nematode pectate lyases. The multiple accessions of bacterial, fungal, nematode, and plant pectate lyase protein sequences were placed closely revealing a sequence level similarity. The multiple sequence alignment of these pectate lyase protein sequences from different source organisms showed conserved regions at different stretches with maximum homology from amino acid residues 439–467, 715–816, and 829–910 which could be used for designing degenerate primers or probes specific for pectate lyases. The motif analysis revealed a conserved Pec_Lyase_C domain uniformly observed in all pectate lyases irrespective of variable sources suggesting its possible role in structural and enzymatic functions

An Experimental Models (In-Vivo and In-Vitro) Used for the Study of Antidiabetic agents

Diabetes is divided into two main types, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus) and type 2 (non-insulin dependent diabetes). About 90% worldwide diabetics have type 2 diabetes. They are different in vivo and in vitro methods for screening new diabetes drugs. Mainly in life models uses chemicals like streptozotocin, alloxan, etc. to induce diabetes in vitro methods directly demonstrate its effect on cells responsible for induction of diabetes in humans. In vitro techniques provide more accurate information and possible Mechanisms related to diabetes. Now the latest techniques of the day such as the induction of diabetes by viruses that have also been introduced proves to be a good tool in the evaluation of diabetes drugs. This review can prove it be a good tool for researchers who want to investigate the diabetes it provides a comprehensive resource on the diabetes model under one roof

A Screening Models of (In Vivo And In Vitro) Used for the Study of Hepatoprotective Agents

In order to evaluate hepatoprotective function, both in vitro and in vivo liver or hepatoprotective models have been constructed in the past. These methods examine a drug's potential to prevent or minimize liver damage in test animals. To express their effectiveness and safety in humans, new drugs must first travel through a number of developmental phases, beginning with the identification of their pharmacological characteristics in cellular and animal models. In the medical literature, there are many methods for measuring hepatoprotective efficacy in vivo and in vitro.  Fresh hepatocytes are exposed to hepatotoxin treatment in in vitro models, and the effects of the test chemical on those cells are examined. To elicit liver damage in test animals, dangerous dosages of an identified hepatotoxin are administered in in vivo models. The test material is provided before, after, and simultaneously with the toxin treatment. Hepatitis in Long Evans and other chemical agents are commonly exploited to generate hepatotoxicity in experimental animals for the evaluation of hepatoprotective medications. Cinnamon rats, liver cirrhosis and necrosis, hepatic fibrosis brought on by carbon tetrachloride in rats, liver cirrhosis brought on by galactosamine, inhibition of proline hydroxylation, trans-heptic investigations model in dogs, etc. The many forms of in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective screening models are explained in this article