Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Mechanistic Study of the Direct Intramolecular Allylic Amination Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium(II)

DFT calculations (PBE1PBE/6-31G­(d,p), Def2-TZVPPD) were performed to study the intramolecular C–H amination of an unsaturated carbamate catalyzed by [Pd­(LL)­(OAc)₂] (<b>2</b>), where LL is the bis­(sulfoxide) ligand PhS­(O)­(CH₂)₂S­(O)­Ph. The coordination takes place by an associative path over a trigonal-bipyramidal transition state. The LL ligand undergoes a coordination shift from κ²S,S to κ¹S, leaving an open position for binding of the substrate (CC). In the next step, the C–H activation, the transition state for the hydrogen abstraction from the substrate to form the σ-allyl complex has an energy of 124.0 kJ mol^–1, which is the highest energy in the whole mechanism (TOF-determining transition state). The σ-allyl converts easily in the π-allyl, the acetic acid molecule leaving the coordination sphere. The remaining acetate receives the second hydrogen from the NH group, while the newly formed acetic acid molecule is replaced by the pendant arm of the LL ligand, and the cyclization takes place (nucleophilic attack). During these changes, the metal is reduced to Pd(0) in the form of the Pd(0) complex of the oxazolidinone product, the most stable species in the cycle (TOF-determining intermediate). Either the C–H activation or the Pd(0) oxidation may be the step determining the energy span of the reaction, depending on reaction conditions

Opening the Way to Catalytic Aminopalladation/Proxicyclic Dehydropalladation: Access to Methylidene γ‑Lactams

A new aerobic intramolecular palladium­(II)-based catalytic system that triggers aminopalladation/dehydropalladation of <i>N</i>-sulfonyl­alkenylamides to give the corresponding methylidene γ-lactams has been identified. Use of triphenylphosphine and chloride anion as ligands is mandatory for optimal yields, and molecular oxygen can be used as the sole terminal oxidant. Scope and limitations of the methods are described. A mechanism is proposed on the basis of experimental results as well as density functional theory calculations

12,17-Cyclojatrophane and Jatrophane Constituents of <i>Euphorbia welwitschii</i>

Euphowelwitschines A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), isolated from a methanolic extract of <i>Euphorbia welwitschii</i>, exhibit a rare combination of structural features in having a 5/8/8 fused-ring system and a 12,15-ether bridge. Moreover, the isolation of the additional new compounds welwitschene (<b>3</b>) and epoxywelwitschene (<b>4</b>) has provided insights into the biogenetic pathway of 12,17-cyclojatrophanes. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> were determined by spectroscopic methods inclusive of 1D and 2D NMR experiments and X-ray crystallography for compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>. Preliminary information on the selective antiproliferative activity of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> is also described

Opening the Way to Catalytic Aminopalladation/Proxicyclic Dehydropalladation: Access to Methylidene γ‑Lactams

A new aerobic intramolecular palladium­(II)-based catalytic system that triggers aminopalladation/dehydropalladation of <i>N</i>-sulfonyl­alkenylamides to give the corresponding methylidene γ-lactams has been identified. Use of triphenylphosphine and chloride anion as ligands is mandatory for optimal yields, and molecular oxygen can be used as the sole terminal oxidant. Scope and limitations of the methods are described. A mechanism is proposed on the basis of experimental results as well as density functional theory calculations

Toward the Understanding of Radical Reactions: Experimental and Computational Studies of Titanium(III) Diamine Bis(phenolate) Complexes

Radical reactions of titanium­(III) [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl­(S)] (S = THF, <b>1</b>; S = py, <b>2</b>; ^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′ = Me₂N­(CH₂)₂N­(CH₂-2-O-3,5-^<i>t</i>Bu₂C₆H₂)₂) are described. Reactions with neutral electron acceptors led to metal oxidation to Ti­(IV), [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl­(TEMPO)] (<b>4</b>) being formed with the TEMPO radical and [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl₂] (<b>9</b>) with PhNNPh. [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl₂] was also formed when [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl­(S)] was oxidized by [Cp₂Fe]­[BPh₄], but the [Cp₂Fe]­[PF₆] analogue yielded [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­ClF] (<b>8</b>). The reactions of [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl­(S)] with O₂ gave [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl]₂(μ-O) (<b>3</b>). The DFT calculated Gibbs energy for the above reaction showed it to be exergonic (Δ<i>G</i>₂₉₈ = −123.6 kcal·mol^–1). [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­(CH₂Ph)­(S)] (S = THF, <b>5</b>; py, <b>6</b>) are not stable in solution for long periods and in diethyl ether gave 1:1 cocrystals of [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­(CH₂Ph)₂] (<b>7</b>) and [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­Cl]₂(μ-O) (<b>3</b>), most probably resulting from a disproportionation process of titanium­(III) followed by oxygen abstraction by the resulting Ti­(II) species. The oxidation of [Ti­(^<i>t</i>Bu2O₂NN′)­(κ²-{CH₂-2-(NMe₂)-C₆H₄})] (<b>10</b>), which is a Ti­(III) benzyl stabilized by the intramolecular coordination of the NMe₂ moiety, led to a complex mixture. Recrystallization of this mixture under air led to a 1:1 cocrystal of two coordination isomers of the titanium oxo dimer (<b>3</b>). In one of these isomers, one metal is pentacoordinate and the dimethylamine moiety of the diamine bis­(phenolate) ligand is not bonded to the metal, displaying a coordination mode of the ligand never observed before. The other titanium center is distorted octahedral with two <i>cis</i>-phenolate moieties. In the second unit, the coordination of the two ancillary ligands to the titanium centers reveals mutually <i>cis</i>-phenolate groups in one-half of the molecule and <i>trans</i>-coordinated in the other titanium center, keeping a distorted octahedral environment around each titanium

Mitochondrial remodeling underlying age-induced skeletal muscle wasting: let’s talk about sex

: Sarcopenia is associated with reduced quality of life and premature mortality. The sex disparities in the processes underlying sarcopenia pathogenesis, which include mitochondrial dysfunction, are ill-understood and can be decisive for the optimization of sarcopenia-related interventions. To improve the knowledge regarding the sex differences in skeletal muscle aging, the gastrocnemius muscle of young and old female and male rats was analyzed with a focus on mitochondrial remodeling through the proteome profiling of mitochondria-enriched fractions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing sex differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteome remodeling. Data demonstrated that age induced skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis in both sexes. In females, however, this adverse skeletal muscle remodeling was more accentuated than in males and might be attributed to an age-related reduction of 17beta-estradiol signaling through its estrogen receptor alpha located in mitochondria. The females-specific mitochondrial remodeling encompassed increased abundance of proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, decreased abundance of the complexes subunits, and enhanced proneness to oxidative posttranslational modifications. This conceivable accretion of damaged mitochondria in old females might be ascribed to low levels of Parkin, a key mediator of mitophagy. Despite skeletal muscle atrophy and fibrosis, males maintained their testosterone levels throughout aging, as well as their androgen receptor content, and the age-induced mitochondrial remodeling was limited to increased abundance of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta and electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta. Herein, for the first time, it was demonstrated that age affects more severely the skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteome of females, reinforcing the necessity of sex-personalized approaches towards sarcopenia management, and the inevitability of the assessment of mitochondrion-related therapeutics

Early outcomes from the Minimally Invasive Right Colectomy Anastomosis study (MIRCAST)

Background: The impact of method of anastomosis and minimally invasive surgical technique on surgical and clinical outcomes after right hemicolectomy is uncertain. The aim of the MIRCAST study was to compare intracorporeal and extracorporeal anastomosis (ICA and ECA respectively), each using either a laparoscopic approach or robot-assisted surgery during right hemicolectomies for benign or malignant tumours.Methods: This was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational, monitored, non-randomized, parallel, four-cohort study (laparoscopic ECA; laparoscopic ICA; robot-assisted ECA; robot-assisted ICA). High-volume surgeons (at least 30 minimally invasive right colectomy procedures/year) from 59 hospitals across 12 European countries treated patients over a 3-year interval The primary composite endpoint was 30-day success, defined by two measures of efficacy-absence of surgical wound infection and of any major complication within the first 30 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes were: overall complications, conversion rate, duration of operation, and number of lymph nodes harvested. Propensity score analysis was used for comparison of ICA with ECA, and robot-assisted surgery with laparoscopy.Results: Some 1320 patients were included in an intention-to-treat analysis (laparoscopic ECA, 555; laparoscopic ICA, 356; robot-assisted ECA, 88; robot-assisted ICA, 321). No differences in the co-primary endpoint at 30 days after surgery were observed between cohorts (7.2 and 7.6 per cent in ECA and ICA groups respectively; 7.8 and 6.6 per cent in laparoscopic and robot-assisted groups). Lower overall complication rates were observed after ICA, specifically less ileus, and nausea and vomiting after robot-assisted procedures.Conclusion: No difference in the composite outcome of surgical wound infections and severe postoperative complications was found between intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis or laparoscopy versus robot-assisted surgery