Comparison of Deep-Water Viromes from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this study was to compare the composition of two deep-sea viral communities obtained from the RomancheFracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean (collected at 5200 m depth) and the southwest Mediterranean Sea (from 2400 m depth)using a pyro-sequencing approach. The results are based on 18.7% and 6.9% of the sequences obtained from the AtlanticOcean and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively, with hits to genomes in the non-redundant viral RefSeq database. Theidentifiable richness and relative abundance in both viromes were dominated by archaeal and bacterial viruses accountingfor 92.3% of the relative abundance in the Atlantic Ocean and for 83.6% in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite characteristicdifferences in hydrographic features between the sampling sites in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, 440 virusgenomes were found in both viromes. An additional 431 virus genomes were identified in the Atlantic Ocean and 75 virusgenomes were only found in the Mediterranean Sea. The results indicate that the rather contrasting deep-sea environmentsof the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea share a common core set of virus types constituting the majority of bothvirus communities in terms of relative abundance (Atlantic Ocean: 81.4%; Mediterranean Sea: 88.7%)

Identification of Tn10 insertions in the rfaG, rfaP and galU genes involved in lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis that affect Escherichia coli K-12 adhesion.

Escherichia coli was used as a model to study initial adhesion and early biofilm development to abiotic surface. Tn10 insertion mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 W3110 were selected for altered abilities to adhere to a polystyrene surface. Seven insertion mutants that showed a decrease in adhesion harbored insertions in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core biosynthesis. Two insertions were located in the rfaG gene, two in the rfaP gene, and three in the galU gene. These adhesion mutants were found to exhibit a deep-rough phenotype and to be reduced, at different levels, in type 1 fimbriae production and motility. The loss of adhesion exhibited by these mutants was associated with either the affected type 1 fimbriae production and/or the dysfunctional motility. Apart from the pleiotropic effect of the mutations affecting LPS on type 1 fimbriae and flagella biosynthesis, no evidence for an involvement of the LPS itself in adhesion to polystyrene surface could be observed

Applications biomédicales des plasmas froids

International audienc

DEALING EFFECTIVELY WITH CROWDED JAILS: THE JUDGES' ROLE

That there is a jail crowding problem is well documented. The problem of jail crowding must b e acknowledged as one demanding the involvement of all key criminal justice actors. Judges have been identified as key decisionmakers playing a pivotal role in managing case flow and influencing jail population levels. What, then, is or should be the role of judges in dealing specifically with jail crowding? Conventional responses to this question have focused on either the role of the federal judge, who in the course of presiding over a case involving jail conditions is called upon to manage a facility, or the role of a trial judge in making sentencing decisions. Recent research efforts have recognized that a nexus exists between judicial and correctional systems that extends beyond overseeing and sentencing roles. This paper intends to expand the notion o f interdependence to encompass the entire criminal justice system with emphasis on the judge's contribution. Copyright 1988 by The Policy Studies Organization.