8,994 research outputs found
Many-body quantum dynamics of polarisation squeezing in optical fibre
We report new experiments that test quantum dynamical predictions of
polarization squeezing for ultrashort photonic pulses in a birefringent fibre,
including all relevant dissipative effects. This exponentially complex
many-body problem is solved by means of a stochastic phase-space method. The
squeezing is calculated and compared to experimental data, resulting in
excellent quantitative agreement. From the simulations, we identify the
physical limits to quantum noise reduction in optical fibres. The research
represents a significant experimental test of first-principles time-domain
quantum dynamics in a one-dimensional interacting Bose gas coupled to
dissipative reservoirs.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Indirect measurement of the viscosity of the intergranular glass phase in yttria-sintered silicon nitride
Dense, sintered Si3N4 possesses a residual intergranular glass phase which softens at high temperatures, resulting in degradation of the ceramic's mechanical properties at high temperatures. An important parameter in the determination of the high temperature mechanical properties of sintered Si3N4 is the temperature-viscosity relationship of the intergranular glass. A method for indirectly measuring the intergranular glass viscosity at a given temperature using physical modelling of a two phase glass crystal microstructure and beam bending viscometry measurements of Si3N4 is described. Intergranular glass viscosities obtained by this method are presented for a yttria sintered Si3N4
Spontaneous breathing during anaesthesia: first, do no harm
Controlled respiration and mechanical ventilation have long been part of anaesthetic practice. Modern surgery, anaesthetic techniques, and new agents require a reappraisal of this established habit. In many circumstances the adverse effects of mechanical ventilation can be avoided by the use of the laryngeal mask and allowing spontaneous ventilation. In addition to the more prominent advantages, such as less sore throat, reliable assessment of anaesthetic depth, and good recovery, there may be more subtle advantages such as improved cardiopulmonary interaction, better distribution of ventilation, and reduced mechanically induced lung damage. Some of these advantages may be also applied during mechanical ventilation, by allowing continued muscle activity or continuously varying the size of the tidal breaths.Mechanical ventilation is often unnecessary and may be harmful
Development of an algebraic turbulence model for analysis of propulsion flows
A simple turbulence model that will be applicable to propulsion flows having both wall bounded and unbounded regions was developed and installed within the PARC Navier-Stokes code by linking two existing algebraic turbulence models. The first is the Modified Mixing Length (MML) model which is optimized for wall bounded flows. The second is the Thomas model, the standard algebraic turbulence model in PARC which has been used to calculate both bounded and unbounded turbulent flows but was optimized for the latter. This paper discusses both models and the method employed to link them into one model (referred to as the MMLT model). The PARC code with the MMLT model was applied to two dimensional turbulent flows over a flat plate and over a backward facing step to validate and optimize the model and to compare its predictions to those obtained with the three turbulence models already available in PARC
An analysis of commitment strategies in planning: The details
We compare the utility of different commitment strategies in planning. Under a 'least commitment strategy', plans are represented as partial orders and operators are ordered only when interactions are detected. We investigate claims of the inherent advantages of planning with partial orders, as compared to planning with total orders. By focusing our analysis on the issue of operator ordering commitment, we are able to carry out a rigorous comparative analysis of two planners. We show that partial-order planning can be more efficient than total-order planning, but we also show that this is not necessarily so
The UK NHS Economic Evaluation Database : Economic issues in evaluations of health technology
Objective: The U.K. NHS Economic Evaluation Database (EED) project is commissioned to identify papers on economic evaluations of health technologies and to disseminate their findings to NHS decision makers by means of structured abstracts that are available through a public database and the Cochrane Library. This paper discusses current issues relating to the economic aspects of producing NHS EED abstracts. Methods: A review of NHS EED was undertaken between 1994 and 1999 to determine the methodologies adopted and issues that influence the usefulness of economic evaluations. Methods adopted to improve the quality of NHS EED abstracts are also reported. Results: Eighty-five percent of NHS EED abstracts are cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs), 9.3% are cost-utility analyses (CUAs), and only 1.4% are cost-benefit analyses (CBAs). Of the total abstracts, 65.9% are based on single studies, 19.5% on reviews, 3.9% on estimates of effectiveness, and 10.7% on combinations of these sources. Models are utilized in 16.7% of CEAs, 60.2% of CUAs, and 20% of CBAs. Analyses of CBA studies reveal a degree of misuse of well-established definitions. NHS EED internal control mechanisms are reported that provide a means of ensuring that abstracts are based on sound academic principles. Conclusions: Most economic evaluations are conducted by means of CEA, followed by CUA, while CBA accounts for an extreme minority of cases. Single studies form the principal source of effectiveness data, although models are widely used, principally in CUA. The structure of NHS EED abstracts provides decision makers with the principal results and an interpretation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of economic evaluations
Precision measurements of s-wave scattering lengths in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate
We use collective oscillations of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate
(2CBEC) of \Rb atoms prepared in the internal states and for the precision measurement of
the interspecies scattering length with a relative uncertainty of
. We show that in a cigar-shaped trap the three-dimensional
(3D) dynamics of a component with a small relative population can be
conveniently described by a one-dimensional (1D) Schr\"{o}dinger equation for
an effective harmonic oscillator. The frequency of the collective oscillations
is defined by the axial trap frequency and the ratio , where
is the intra-species scattering length of a highly populated component
1, and is largely decoupled from the scattering length , the total atom
number and loss terms. By fitting numerical simulations of the coupled
Gross-Pitaevskii equations to the recorded temporal evolution of the axial
width we obtain the value , where is the Bohr
radius. Our reported value is in a reasonable agreement with the theoretical
prediction but deviates significantly from the
previously measured value \cite{Mertes07} which is commonly
used in the characterisation of spin dynamics in degenerate \Rb atoms. Using
Ramsey interferometry of the 2CBEC we measure the scattering length
which also deviates from the previously reported value
\cite{Mertes07}. We characterise two-body losses for the
component 2 and obtain the loss coefficients
and
.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure
Theory of Microwave Parametric Down Conversion and Squeezing Using Circuit QED
We study theoretically the parametric down conversion and squeezing of
microwaves using cavity quantum electrodynamics of a superconducting Cooper
pair box (CPB) qubit located inside a transmission line resonator. The
non-linear susceptibility \chi_2 describing three-wave mixing can be tuned by
dc gate voltage applied to the CPB and vanishes by symmetry at the charge
degeneracy point. We show that the coherent coupling of different cavity modes
through the qubit can generate a squeezed state. Based on parameters realized
in recent successful circuit QED experiments, squeezing of 95% ~ 13dB below the
vacuum noise level should be readily achievable.Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let
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