Exploring perceptions of Lean in the public sector

This paper explores discourses around Lean by examining the perceptions of new users of Lean in the public sector. The paper draws on actor–network theory as the basis for exploring what these new users think about Lean and uses data analysis tools to extrude concepts of significance. The data suggests that Lean continues to retain diverse, parallel and competing perspectives. The responses also signal that key concepts of Lean are missing from the discourses, and that this highlights a need to discuss Lean as a mindset—not just as a set of tools. The paper suggests future directions for research to further explore the issues emphasised by respondents

Morphological relationship between the <i>α-Gpdh</i>¹⁰⁰ allele and altitude in female <i>Agabus bipustulatus</i>.

<p><i>Agabus bipustulatus</i> female score plot from the PLS analysis of the linear relationship between the first significant (R1) component between morphology (<i>partial warp</i>) and the mean number of copies of the <i>α-Gpdh</i>¹⁰⁰ allele per populations, altitude and beetles size (<i>CS</i>). The correlation between the Y- and X-matrix was 0.70. Populations from lowland region (○); mountain region below tree line (•), at the tree line (▴) and above (▪). Population numbers are given according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031381#pone-0031381-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>.</p

Genotypic frequencies of the <i>α-Gpdh</i> locus in <i>Agabus bipustulatus</i> in relation to elevation in northern Sweden.

<p>The ratio of sum over localities was used to obtain the genotype and overall estimates of genotypic frequencies. Lowland region (); mountain region below tree line (▪), at the tree line () and above (□).</p

Location of <i>Agabus bipustulatus</i> ecotypes in relation to sampled area and elevation in northern Sweden.

<p>Morphological data were generated from spatial covariation of homologous landmarks that calculate affine (<i>partial warps</i>) and nonaffine (<i>uniform</i>) shape components as described by Bookstein <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031381#pone.0031381-Bookstein1" target="_blank">[48]</a>. Dispersal patterns implied via a reclassification model following a discriminate function analysis (DFA) of the shape parameters are as follows: Lowland ecotype – Male (▪); Lowland ecotype – Female (); Montane ecotype – Male (); Montane ecotype – Female (□).</p

<i>Agabus bipustulatus</i> collecting areas A – J and their spatial relationship to the two main sample regions.

<p>The Lowland region (LR) and mountain region (MR) in the upper Ume river valley mountain region in northern Sweden are marked gray.</p

Mean pairwise FST estimates between populations at altitudinal elevations of Agabus bipustulatus.

<p>Mean pairwise FST estimates (and their standard error) between populations of Agabus bipustulatus at different altitudinal elevations, within and between mountain areas in northern Sweden. Populations at (MT), above (MA), and below (MB) the tree line.</p

Genetic relationship between <i>Agabus bipustulatus</i> populations and altitudinal levels in northern Sweden.

<p>Genetic relationship was analysed from nine enzyme systems (not including the <i>α-Gpdh</i> loci) with a principle component analysis (PCA). The first significant component from the PCA separated the two ecotypes with an overlap of the populations at the tree line and explained 36.0% of the total genetic variation. The second significant axis of the PCA explained 17% of the genetic variation. Populations from lowland region (○); mountain region below tree line (•), at the tree line (▴) and above (▪). The deviating population above the tree line to the right corner is Gäutavardo (F3) from the F area in the mountain region. Population numbers are given according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031381#pone-0031381-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>.</p

Estimated variance components and three-level hierarchical F-statistics of the genetic variation of Agabus bipustulatus.

<p>Estimated variance components within a mountain region in northern Sweden; total variance , among regions , localities within region , individuals within localities and within individuals . F-statistics abbreviations individual (I), population (P), area (A), and total (T).</p