The electric structure of the schizosphere in SE Thessaly, Greece, and its correlation with active tectonics

Παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα μίας μαγνητοτελλουρικής (ΜΤ) μελέτης στην ΝΑ Θεσσαλία, και η συσχέτιση τους με την ενεργό τεκτονική της περιοχής. Τα δεδομένα απαρτίζονται από 14 βαθοσκοπήσεις ευρέος φάσματος (150-0.005 Hz), εκτελεσθείσες στην περιφέρεια των πόλεων Βόλου, Βελεστίνου και Ν. Αγχιάλου. Η χωρική ανάλυση των ΜΤ τανυστών δείχνει την ύπαρξη μετάβασης από ρηχή (3 km) σχιζόσφαιρα, η οποία σχετίζεται με δομές μεγάλης κλίμακας και ΑΝΑ-ΔΒΔ έως ΝΑ-ΒΔ προσανατολισμό. Ποσοτική ανάλυση ερμηνεία έλαβε με 2-διάστατη αντιστροφή και απέδωσε υψηλής ποιότητας είδωλα της γεωηλεκτρικής δομής σε βάθη 3-15 km. Αυτό το εύρος βαθών αντιστοιχεί στο σεισμογόνο στρώμα (σχιζόσφαιρα), όπου ανιχνεύθηκαν αγώγιμες δομές με γενικό προσανατολισμό Α-Δ, συσχετιζόμενες με νεοτεκτονικά ρήγματα. Επιπλέον, ανιχνεύθηκε ένα πιθανό υπόλειμμα του εσβεσμμένου πλέον «'ηφαιστείου» των Μικροθηβών (1.5±0.1 Μα). Εντός του σεισμογόνου στρώματος, τα χωρικά ΜΤ δεδομένα συσχετίζονται σχεδόν ακριβώς με το πεδίο τάσεων που προκύπτει από την αντιστροφή μηχανισμών γένεσης τοπικών σεισμών και προσφέρουν ένα γεωηλεκτρικό είδωλο του εντατικού καθεστώτος της περιοχήςWe report the results of a magnetotelluric study in SE Thessaly, Greece, and their correlation with the active tectonics of the area. The data comprised 14 wide-band (150-0.005 Hz) soundings performed in the periphery of the cities of Volos, Velestino and N. Anghialos. The spatial analysis of the MT impedance tensor shows a transition from a shallow ( 3 km) schizosphere associated with large scale structures with ESE-WNW to SE -NW orientation. Quantitative interpretation was carried out with 2-D inversion and yielded high quality images of the geoelectric structure at depths 3-15 km; this depth range corresponds to the seismogenic layer. Conductive structures in the general E-W direction could be detected and correlated with neotectonic faults. In addition, a possible relic of the now extinct Mikrothivai volcano (1.5±0.1 Ma BCE) has been identified. Within the seismogenic layer the spatial MT data correlate almost exactly with the stress field calculated by inversion of focal mechanisms from local earthquakes and appear to provide an electrical image of the transition from the dextral NE-SW transformation associated with the N. Aegean trench to approximately N-S extension in the study are

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, and their cross-species amplification in the Tephritidae family

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Tephritidae family of insects includes the most important agricultural pests of fruits and vegetables, belonging mainly to four genera (<it>Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Anastrepha </it>and <it>Rhagoletis</it>). The olive fruit fly, <it>Bactrocera oleae</it>, is the major pest of the olive fruit. Currently, its control is based on chemical insecticides. Environmentally friendlier methods have been attempted in the past (Sterile Insect Technique), albeit with limited success. This was mainly attributed to the lack of knowledge on the insect's behaviour, ecology and genetic structure of natural populations. The development of molecular markers could facilitate the access in the genome and contribute to the solution of the aforementioned problems. We chose to focus on microsatellite markers due to their abundance in the genome, high degree of polymorphism and easiness of isolation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fifty-eight microsatellite-containing clones were isolated from the olive fly, <it>Bactrocera oleae</it>, bearing a total of sixty-two discrete microsatellite motifs. Forty-two primer pairs were designed on the unique sequences flanking the microsatellite motif and thirty-one of them amplified a PCR product of the expected size. The level of polymorphism was evaluated against wild and laboratory flies and the majority of the markers (93.5%) proved highly polymorphic. Thirteen of them presented a unique position on the olive fly polytene chromosomes by <it>in situ </it>hybridization, which can serve as anchors to correlate future genetic and cytological maps of the species, as well as entry points to the genome. Cross-species amplification of these markers to eleven Tephritidae species and sequencing of thirty-one of the amplified products revealed a varying degree of conservation that declines outside the <it>Bactrocera </it>genus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Microsatellite markers are very powerful tools for genetic and population analyses, particularly in species deprived of any other means of genetic analysis. The presented set of microsatellite markers possesses all features that would render them useful in such analyses. This could also prove helpful for species where SIT is a desired outcome, since the development of effective SIT can be aided by detailed knowledge at the genetic and molecular level. Furthermore, their presented efficacy in several other species of the Tephritidae family not only makes them useful for their analysis but also provides tools for phylogenetic comparisons among them.</p

De novo assembly of the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) genome with linked-reads and long-read technologies minimizes gaps and provides exceptional Y chromosome assembly

Background: The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the most important pest in the olive fruit agribusiness industry. This is because female flies lay their eggs in the unripe fruits and upon hatching the larvae feed on the fruits thus destroying them. The lack of a high-quality genome and other genomic and transcriptomic data has hindered progress in understanding the fly’s biology and proposing alternative control methods to pesticide use. Results: Genomic DNA was sequenced from male and female Demokritos strain flies, maintained in the laboratory for over 45 years. We used short-, mate-pair-, and long-read sequencing technologies to generate a combined male-female genome assembly (GenBank accession GCA_001188975.2). Genomic DNA sequencing from male insects using 10x Genomics linked-reads technology followed by mate-pair and long-read scaffolding and gap-closing generated a highly contiguous 489 Mb genome with a scaffold N50 of 4.69 Mb and L50 of 30 scaffolds (GenBank accession GCA_001188975.4). RNA-seq data generated from 12 tissues and/or developmental stages allowed for genome annotation. Short reads from both males and females and the chromosome quotient method enabled identification of Y-chromosome scaffolds which were extensively validated by PCR. Conclusions: The high-quality genome generated represents a critical tool in olive fruit fly research. We provide an extensive RNA-seq data set, and genome annotation, critical towards gaining an insight into the biology of the olive fruit fly. In addition, elucidation of Y-chromosome sequences will advance our understanding of the Y-chromosome’s organization, function and evolution and is poised to provide avenues for sterile insect technique approaches

Promoter Complexity and Tissue-Specific Expression of Stress Response Components in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a Sessile Marine Invertebrate Species

The mechanisms of stress tolerance in sessile animals, such as molluscs, can offer fundamental insights into the adaptation of organisms for a wide range of environmental challenges. One of the best studied processes at the molecular level relevant to stress tolerance is the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus. We focus on the upstream region of Mytilus galloprovincialis Hsp90 genes and their structural and functional associations, using comparative genomics and network inference. Sequence comparison of this region provides novel evidence that the transcription of Hsp90 is regulated via a dense region of transcription factor binding sites, also containing a region with similarity to the Gamera family of LINE-like repetitive sequences and a genus-specific element of unknown function. Furthermore, we infer a set of gene networks from tissue-specific expression data, and specifically extract an Hsp class-associated network, with 174 genes and 2,226 associations, exhibiting a complex pattern of expression across multiple tissue types. Our results (i) suggest that the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus is regulated by an unexpectedly complex upstream region, and (ii) provide new directions for the use of the heat shock process as a biosensor system for environmental monitoring

Isolation, annotation and applications of expressed sequence tags from the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the major pest of the olive tree. Despite its importance, very little genetic and molecular knowledge is available. The present study is a first attempt to identify and characterize B. oleae expressed sequence tags (ESTs). One hundred and ninety-five randomly selected cDNA clones were isolated and the obtained sequences were annotated through BLASTX similarity searches. A set of 159 unique putative transcripts were functionally assigned using Gene Ontology terms in broad categories of biological process, molecular function and cellular component based on D. melanogaster matches. Moreover, the cytogenetic location of 35 ESTs was determined by in situ hybridization to B. oleae polytene chromosomes. The resulting low-resolution EST map more than doubles the available entry points to the insect's genome and can assist syntenic comparisons with other distant species. The deduced codon usage of the isolated ESTs suggested a conserved pattern of B. oleae with its closest relatives. Additionally, the comparative analysis of B. oleae ESTs with the homologous D. melanogaster genes led to the development of 17 nuclear EPIC-PCR markers for the amplification of intron sequences of 11 Tephritidae species. Sequencing analysis of several cross-amplified intron sequences revealed a high degree of conservation among Bactrocera species and a varying transferability of the generated markers across the examined genera, suggesting that this method can provide a useful tool for the clarification of phylogenetic relationships among different species, particularly in cases of species complexes

Old residents and new arrivals of Rhagoletis species in Europe

The genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises more than 65 species distributed throughout Europe, Asia and America, including many species of high economic importance. Currently, there are three Rhagoletis species that infest fruits and nuts in Europe. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (may have invaded Europe a long time ago from the Caucasian area of West Asia), and two invasive species (recently introduced from North America): The eastern American cherry fruit fly, R. cingulata, and the walnut husk fly, R. completa. The presence of different Rhagoletis species may enhance population dynamics and establish an unpredictable economic risk for several fruit and nut crops in Europe. Despite their excessive economic importance, little is known on population dynamics, genetics and symbiotic associations for making sound pest control decisions in terms of species-specific, environmental friendly pest control methods. To this end, the current paper (a) summarizes recently accumulated genetic and population data for the European Rhagoletis species and their association with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, and (b) explores the possibility of using the current knowledge for implementing the innovative biological control methods of sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique. © Copyright Cambridge University Press 2019

Genetic and Cytogenetic Analysis of the Walnut-Husk Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genetic and cytogenetic information is an essential basis for understanding the biology of insect pests, as well as for designing modern control strategies. The walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa (Cresson) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest of walnuts (Juglans spp.) in North America and has invaded Europe in the early 1990s. Studies on the genetics and cytogenetics of R. completa are scarce. The mitotic karyotype and detailed photographic maps of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of this pest species are presented here. The mitotic metaphase complement consists of six pairs of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes being very small and similar in size, The analysis of the salivary gland polytene complement shows a total number of five long chromosomes (10 polytene arms) that correspond to the five autosomes of the mitotic nuclei and a heterochromatic mass corresponding to the sex chromosomes. The banding pattern as well as the most characteristic features and prominent landmarks of each polytene chromosome are presented and discussed