12 research outputs found
Fluid Properties in the Formation of High-Grade Iron Ore in Northern Minnesota
The Mesabi Iron Range in Northern Minnesota has been a major producer of iron ore for over 100 years. Production has been from the 1.85 – billion-year –old Biwabik Iron Formation, an iron-rich sedimentary rock that is tilted gently to the south. Most of the known high-grade ore lies near the surface and has been already mined. Determining whether more high-grade ore may lie at depth could have significant economic impact on the mining industry in northern Minnesota. To evaluate the likelihood of finding more high-grade iron ore deeper underground, it is important to determine the source of the fluids that are responsible for that ore. I have been testing Morey’s hypothesis (Econ. Geol. v.94 pp.133-142) that a plate collision event 1.8 billion years ago drove deep fluids upward along faults within the iron formation, and that these fluids dissolved some minerals from the iron formation and increased the grade of the remaining iron ore. In this case, high-grade ore could exist deeper within the iron formation, which is tilted gently beneath the surface. Samples collected in the iron range have been analyzed using various geologic methods. Growth banding, using cathodoluminescence, and the salinity of the fluid from fluid inclusions in minerals associated with high-grade iron ore were used to evaluate the source of the fluid associated with high-grade ore. From this information, we have assessed the likelihood of deeper high grade ore beneath the surface
Privatization and Commercialization of our National Parks
Teddy Roosevelt founded the forestry service in 1908 with the purpose of protecting our lands for our children and our children\u27s children forever with their majestic beauty unchanged. However, in the last few years our National Parks are being turned into miniature towns with shopping malls and fast food joints. Our National Parks are part of our collective history. The care and maintenance of their beauty is something we must all take interest in. Using multiple newsprint sources I have taken a look at the destruction that is going on right this moment, and how our precious.lands will never be the same again if we don\u27t stop this
Renewable Energy from the Oceans, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System (OTEC)
Joseph Huang of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration explained that oceans are the biggest collector of solar energy on Earth. Dr. John Craven has discovered how to tap this energy by creating a way of using the temperature difference in the oceans as a form of renewable energy. This ingenious process is known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC for short. According to the U.S. Department of Energy the energy conversion efficiencies are an astounding 97 percent. The Applied Thermal Engineering Journal of October 2005 states that OTEC system is considered to be extremely essential to the production of a renewable energy source. By understanding the process, the applications, and the implications of this technology, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system will be a realistic and renewable source of energy for future generations
Past, Present, and Future Technologies in the Field of Weather Modification
Ancient civilizations used to think our weather was made up of earth, wind, fire, and water. We know now that weather is much more sophisticated. Societies and cultures have tried to manipulate or create favorable weather for years. Today we have the technologies to create and control our weather. The following presentation will detail and explain the past, present, and future technologies dealing with weather modification. This presentation will also discuss the impacts and potential implications that these technologies will place on our future
Fluid Properties In the Formation of High-Grade Iron Ore in Northern Minnesota
The Mesabi Iron Range in Northern Minnesota has been a major producer of iron ore for over 100 years. Most of the known high-grade ore lies near the surface and has been already been mined. Determining whether more high-grade ore may lie at depth could have significant economic impact on the mining industry in northern Minnesota. To evaluate the likelihood of finding more high-grade iron ore deeper underground, it is important to determine the source of the fluids that are responsible for that ore. I have been examining Morey\u27s hypothesis in which he proposed that a plate collision event 1.8 billion years ago drove deep fluids upward along faults within the iron formation. In this case, high-grade ore could exist deeper within the iron formation, which is tilted gently beneath the surface. Samples collected in the iron range have been analyzed using various geologic methods. Growth banding, using cathodoluminescence, and the salinity of the fluid from fluid inclusions were used to evaluate the source of the fluid
Readability Levels of High School and College Chemistry Textbooks
Textbooks are a large part of classrooms all over the world. In many science classes the textbook is frequently the determining factor for the content of a course. When choosing textbooks a factor that is often overlooked is the reading level, also known as the readability level. Chemistry textbooks typically are written at a reading level that is well above secondary students\u27 or college students\u27 abilities. Numerous high school and college chemistry textbook were analyzed for their readability level using the Fry and Raygor readability graphs. The results of this work confirm that the readability level of chemistry textbooks is often times well above the target audience
Readability Levels of College Chemistry Textbooks from Introductory Chemistry to Physical Chemistry
The perception of many students is that their chemistry textbooks are difficult to read. Textbooks often present too many concepts at once and contain numerous vocabulary words in a unit. The reading level, also known as the readability level, is an important factor to be considered during textbook selection. My work demonstrates that chemistry textbooks typically are written at a reading level above college students\u27 abilities. Numerous college chemistry textbooks used throughout an undergraduate chemistry program (from Introductory Chemistry to Physical Chemistry) were analyzed for their readability level using several standard readability formulas and graphs. Results of this work show that organic and biochemistry textbooks are the most difficult to read due to the extensive use of chemical nomenclature. Readability levels of textbooks in the various chemical disciplines will be discussed
Using Ground Electromagnetic Conductivity to Determine the Source of Nitrate in Dairy Wells
Proceedings of the 1995 Georgia Water Resources Conference, April 11 and 12, 1995, Athens, Georgia.recent study of dairies in a five-county area
in north Georgia found a high incidence of nitrate nitrogen
(NO3-N) contaminated well water. We used a ground
electromagnetic (EM) conductivity meter to survey nine
dairies in the region to determine the source of
contamination. Ground EM conductivities were highest in
the loafing areas on most dairies. These are the corrals or
small fields near the barn where the milking herd is kept
when it is not in the barn or on pasture, and other areas near
the barn where there is high animal traffic. Conductivities
were typically in the range 15 - 20 mS in -1 in these areas,
compared to less than 10 mS ni l in the pastures away from
barns. Water samples from groundwater observation wells
installed in the loafing areas on three diaries had NO,-N
concentrations of 47-135 mg/L compared to 12-16 mg/L
from a well in a pasture. There was evidence of seepage at
four of the seven wastewater lagoons we surveyed, but the
loafing areas appeared to be a greater threat to drinking water
supplies because they were closer to the milking barn where
the supply well was located and because they affected a
larger area than the lagoons. Best management practices
need to be developed that address nitrate leaching from
loafing areas.Sponsored and Organized by: U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyThis book was published by the Carl Vinson Institute of Government, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 with partial funding provided by the U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey, through the Georgia Water Research Institute as authorized by the Water Resources Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-397).
The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of the University of Georgia or the U.S. Geological Survey or the conference sponsors