Vertical incisal disocclusion: etiopathogenesis, classification, clinical and morphological forms, principles of treatment (review of the literature)

The article provides an overview of published data relating to the issues of etiopathogenesis, classification, differences in clinical and morphological forms, as well as the principles of treatment of patients with vertical incisal disocclusion. Particular attention is paid to the combined (orthodontic and surgical) approach in the treatment of adult patients.В статье представлен обзор литературных данных, касающихся вопросов этиопатогенеза, классификации, различий клинико-морфологических форм, а также принципов лечения пациентов с вертикальной резцовой дизокклюзией. Особое внимание уделяется комбинированному (ортодонтическому и хирургическому) подходу в лечении взрослых пациентов

COVID-19 и хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких: известное о неизвестном

The article reviews 60 publications and addresses key aspects of concurrent COVID-19 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It presents data stating that COPD patients have higher expression of the receptor of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the lungs and this may contribute to a greater susceptibility to COVID-19. In COPD, signs of endothelial cell dysfunction and tendency to thrombus formation have been identified which can present the risk of unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19. Cohort study data do not confirm that COPD patients are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their clinical outcomes of COVID-19 appear to be worse including the need for mechanical ventilation and lethality. There is no clinical evidence about the role of inhaled glucocorticosteroids used to manage COPD in the development and course of COVID-19.Обзор 60 источников литературы посвящен ключевым аспектам, касающимся коморбидности COVID-19 и хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ). Содержит сведения, что у больных ХОБЛ повышена экспрессия рецептора ангиотензин-превращающего фермента 2 в легких, это может способствовать большей предрасположенности к COVID-19. При ХОБЛ выявлены признаки дисфункции эндотелиальных клеток и склонность к тромбообразованию, что может быть риском неблагоприятных исходов COVID-19. Данные когортных исследований не подтверждают, что пациенты с ХОБЛ в большей степени подвержены заражению SARS-CoV-2, но, по-видимому, клинические исходы COVID-19 у них хуже, включая потребность в искусственной вентиляции легких и летальность. Пока не получены клинические доказательства роли ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов, используемых при ХОБЛ, в развитии и течении COVID-19

Some Aspects of Mast Cells Carboxypeptidase A3 Participation in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Background: This study aimed to determine the involvement of carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) in developing lung damage in patients with COVID-19. Methods and Results: The study included samples of autopsy material from the lungs of patients who died as a result of severe COVID-19 (the main group [MG] and persons who died from external causes (the control group [CG]). Immunohistochemical staining for CPA3 was carried out. A quantitative study of CPA3-positive mast cells (MCs) and the degree of their degranulation was carried out using a ×40 objective lens with an analysis of ≥50 fields of view with further conversion to 1 mm². Significant representation of CPA3-positive MCs per 1 mm2 of CPA3-positive MCs, CPA3-positive MCs with signs of degranulation (SD), and co-adjacent MCs was found in the MG compared to the CG (P=0.01 in all cases). In the main group, positive correlations were identified between the total number of CPA3-positive MCs, CPA3-positive MCs with SD and the blood hemoglobin level shortly before death (r=0.491 [P=0.008] and r=0.521 [P=0.004], respectively). Co-adjacent CPA3-positive MCs were negatively correlated with blood eosinophils at the beginning of hospitalization (r=-0.420 [P=0.023]). Also, the number of separately lying, CPA3-positive MCs negatively correlated with the blood monocyte shortly before death (r=-0.384 [P=0.044]). A positive correlation was established between the total number of CPA3-positive MCs, CPA3-positive MCs with SD, and adjacent CPA3-positive MCs with total blood protein in patients at the beginning of hospitalization (r=0.431 [P=0.020], r=0.449 [P=0.015] and r=0.456 [P=0.013], respectively). In addition, the study demonstrated a positive correlation between CPA3-positive MCs with SD and the total number of CPA3-positive MCs with blood aPTT levels (r=0.304 [P=0.045] and r=0.375 [P=0.045], respectively). A negative correlation was also found between the total number of CPA3-positive MCs and the blood INR level (r=-0.812 [P=0.050]). Finally, in patients at the beginning of hospitalization, a negative correlation was found between CPA3-positive MCs with SD, CPA3-positive MCs without SD, separately located CPA3-positive MCs, adjacent CPA3-positive MCs, and the total number of CPA3-positive MCs with blood amylase (r=-0.550 [P=0.002], r=-0.452 [P=0.045], r=-0.485 [P=0.030], r=-0.622 [P=0.008], and r=-0.590 [P=0.006], respectively). Conclusion: Our study identifies the potential involvement of CPA3 in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. However, many aspects of its participation remain unclear and require further study

Targeted kinase inhibition relieves slowness and tremor in a Drosophila model of LRRK2 Parkinson’s disease

Disease models: A reflex reaction A simple reflex in flies can be used to test the effectiveness of therapies that slow neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Christopher Elliott and colleagues at the University of York in the United Kingdom investigated the contraction of the proboscis muscle which mediates a taste behavior response and is regulated by a single dopaminergic neuron. Flies bearing particular mutations in the PD-associated gene leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in dopaminergic neurons lost their ability to feed on a sweet solution. This was due to the movement of the proboscis muscle becoming slower and stiffer, hallmark features of PD. The authors rescued the impaired reflex reaction by feeding the flies l-DOPA or LRRK2 inhibitors. These findings highlight the proboscis extension response as a useful tool to identify other PD-associated mutations and test potential therapeutic compounds

To Be or Not to Be a Flatworm: The Acoel Controversy

Since first described, acoels were considered members of the flatworms (Platyhelminthes). However, no clear synapomorphies among the three large flatworm taxa - the Catenulida, the Acoelomorpha and the Rhabditophora - have been characterized to date. Molecular phylogenies, on the other hand, commonly positioned acoels separate from other flatworms. Accordingly, our own multi-locus phylogenetic analysis using 43 genes and 23 animal species places the acoel flatworm Isodiametra pulchra at the base of all Bilateria, distant from other flatworms. By contrast, novel data on the distribution and proliferation of stem cells and the specific mode of epidermal replacement constitute a strong synapomorphy for the Acoela plus the major group of flatworms, the Rhabditophora. The expression of a piwi-like gene not only in gonadal, but also in adult somatic stem cells is another unique feature among bilaterians. These two independent stem-cell-related characters put the Acoela into the Platyhelminthes-Lophotrochozoa clade and account for the most parsimonious evolutionary explanation of epidermal cell renewal in the Bilateria. Most available multigene analyses produce conflicting results regarding the position of the acoels in the tree of life. Given these phylogenomic conflicts and the contradiction of developmental and morphological data with phylogenomic results, the monophyly of the phylum Platyhelminthes and the position of the Acoela remain unresolved. By these data, both the inclusion of Acoela within Platyhelminthes, and their separation from flatworms as basal bilaterians are well-supported alternatives

Method of evaluation of the extent of skeletal forms of malocclusion

An integrated approach to diagnostics for choosing a treatment strategy helps to obtain stable, functionally complete results and minimizes the relapse possibility. In skeletal forms of distal malocclusion, it is necessary to take into account the severity of maxillofacial changes to choose a treatment algorithm.For this aim, to assess the severity of dentofacial anomalies an index has been developed.Materiais and methods. To develop the index 60 patients with varying degrees of distal occlusion were examined comprehensively. Dental casts, photometry and a lateral cephalography were analyzed.Resuits. Aftera statistical analysis of the data, an index that reliably proves the severity of maxillofacial anomalies was created, which is rationale for choosing a method of treating patients with skeletal form of distal occlusion: orthognathic or compensatory orthodontic treatment.Conciusions. The proposed technique is a convenient express method for the diagnosis and treatment planning in patients with dento-maxillofacialanomalies

Features of the structure of the alveolar process in patients with gnatic form of mesial occlusion

Aim. To assess the size of the alveolar ridge / part of the jaws in patients with gnathic mesial occlusion of the dentition.Materials and methods. A study was carried out, during which we determined the structural features of the alveolar ridge of the upper and lower jaws of 50 adult patients (from 18 to 44 years old), and also studied the presence / absence of the relationship of this parameter with the inclination of the teeth.Results. The smallest thickness of the alveolar bone in the upper jaw was observed in the area of the mesio-buccal root of the first molars and in the area of the first premolars and canines. The smallest thickness of the alveolar bone in the lower jaw was observed in the area of the vestibular surface of the first and second premolars, canines and incisors. The greatest thickness of the alveolar bone is observed in the distal-buccal region of the second molars.Conclusions. A natural mechanism promotes dentoalveolar compensation, while maintaining the amount of bone in the region of the vestibular and lingual alveolar bones to maintain the integrity of the periodontium