26 research outputs found
AmAMorph: Finite State Morphological Analyzer for Amazighe
This paper presents AmAMorph, a morphological analyzer for Amazighe language using a system based on the NooJ linguistic development environment. The paper begins with the development of Amazighe lexicons with large coverage formalization. The built electronic lexicons, named âNAmLexâ, âVAmLexâ and âPAmLexâ which stand for âNoun Amazighe Lexiconâ, âVerb Amazighe Lexiconâ and âParticles Amazighe Lexiconâ, link inflectional, morphological, and syntacticsemantic information to the list of lemmas. Automated inflectional and derivational routines are applied to each lemma producing over inflected forms. To our knowledge,AmAMorph is the first morphological analyzer for Amazighe. It identifies the component morphemes of the forms using large coverage morphological grammars. Along with the description of how the analyzer is implemented, this paper gives an evaluation of the analyzer
BREF APERCU DE LA LITTERATURE SUR LA PLANIFICATION STRATEGIQUE DANS LES PETITES ET MOYENNES ENTREPRISES
Lâobjectif de cet article est de faire une lecture dans la littĂ©rature axĂ©e sur la problĂ©matique de la planification dans les petites et moyennes entreprises, une littĂ©rature qui vient Ă la croisĂ©e de deux champs acadĂ©miques : le management stratĂ©gique et lâentrepreneuriat. LâĂ©tude de la question de la planification dans les petites et moyennes structures a fait couler beaucoup dâencre Ă travers les travaux dâun grand nombre de chercheurs dont la majoritĂ© a recommandĂ© que ces structures, prĂ©sentant des particularitĂ©s par rapport aux grandes entreprises, ont besoin dâinstaurer une dĂ©marche de planification stratĂ©gique dans le but dâamĂ©liorer leur performance. Dâautres chercheurs ont approfondi leurs analyses pour aboutir Ă lâidĂ©e quâune dĂ©marche de planification stratĂ©gique au sein des petites et moyennes firmes influence leur croissance et leur expansion. Une lecture de ces travaux et des rĂ©sultats qui en ont dĂ©coulĂ©s nous permettra de mieux comprendre le phĂ©nomĂšne de la planification, quâelle soit stratĂ©gique ou opĂ©rationnelle, dans les petites et moyennes entreprises et de cerner cette problĂ©matique en proposant, Ă travers notre propre recherche et la revue de littĂ©rature consultĂ©e, des voies de dĂ©veloppement du sujet
GOUVERNANCE LOCALE ET ATTRACTIVITĂ ENTREPRENEURIALE DES TERRITOIRES : ESSAI DâANALYSE THĂORIQUE APPLIQUĂE AU CONTEXTE MAROCAIN
Lâobjectif ultime de cet article est de parcourir le cadre conceptuel et thĂ©orique permettant de cerner le lien Ă©ventuel entre la dynamique de la gouvernance locale pratiquĂ©e dans un territoire donnĂ© et lâattractivitĂ© entrepreneuriale de ce mĂȘme territoire, afin de montrer quâau-delĂ des diffĂ©rents facteurs d'ordres Ă©conomiques, sociaux et environnementaux, la gouvernance locale Ă travers ses principes fondamentaux demeure, un facteur - clĂ© pour favoriser lâattractivitĂ© entrepreneuriale du territoir
Communication écrite sur Internet et par sms en arabizi : analyse de corpus relevant des glosses dialectales libanaise et marocaine
Cette communication, inscrite dans le projet de recherche PARADE (partenaires : SYSTRAN, Laboratoire ICAR et ARADIC Editions), porte sur des analyses de copus en arabizi, qui correspond Ă lâusage sur Internet, rĂ©seaux sociaux ou SMS de lâarabe notĂ© en caractĂšres latins selon des modes de transcriptions issus de lâuage. AprĂšs un bref rappel de lâexpansion dâInternet dans le monde arbe, de la littĂ©rature sur lâarabizi et des transcriptions quâon y rencontre, les auteur(e)s procĂšdent Ă lâanalyse de quatre brefs Ă©changes sur Twitter. Deux concernent des internautes marocain(e)s et deux autres, des internautes libanais(es). ProtĂ©gĂ©es par des pseudonymes, ces personnes sâexpriment librement, Ă la fois quant au contenu et quant aux formes linguistiques quâelles choisissent. Les donnĂ©es sont complexes. On y trouve : (1) des textes en arabizi, transcrivant le dialecte de lâauteur(e) ; (2) des textes en caractĂšres arabes dans lâun des dialectes, lâun des arabes moyens ou en arabe littĂ©raire moderne ; (3) de lâanglais ou du français (voire de lâespagnol ou de lâitalien), soit en tant que tels (alternance codique), soit sous forme dâemprunts ; (4) des Ă©moticĂŽnes qui sont parfois rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es (itĂ©ration) ; (5) un usage de caratĂšres de grande dimension, Ă cĂŽtĂ© des caractĂšres habituels, ce qui correspond Ă une fonction expressive ; (6) des images. Les Ă©changes relĂšvent la plupart du temps dâune analyse interactionnelle, ce qui rend leur interpĂ©tation fortement dĂ©pendante du contexte. Cette premiĂšre intervention montre que la question fondamentale â pour un linguiste â est, au-delĂ de « quâest-ce lâabizi ? », celle de savoir « comment fonctionne lâarabizi ?Â
Fibrome ovarien gĂ©ant : A propos dâun cas
le fibrome ovarien est une tumeur solide stromale du cordon sexuel de l'ovaire représentant 1 à 4% des tumeurs de l'ovaire.le fibrome ovarien est difficile à diagnostiqueren préopératoire et généralement pris pour un fibrome utérin en raison de l'échogénicité similaire des deux lésions. l'imagerie par raisonnance magnétique est plus performante que l'échographie pour confirmer la nature utérine ou ovarienne d'une masse solide latéro utérine gfrace au repérage de l'endomÚtre en T2. le traitement est l'éxÚrÚse chirurgicale et l'étude anatomopathologique permet de confirmer le diagnostic
Paragangliome retropĂ©ritonĂ©al: Ă propos dâun cas et revue de literature
Les paragangliomes rĂ©tropĂ©ritonĂ©aux non fonctionnels sont des tumeurs rares. Ils sont dĂ©finis comme des tumeurs chromaffines extrasurrĂ©naliennes et reprĂ©sentent environ 1/5Ăšme des tumeurs chromaffines. Ils sont souvent asymptomatiques et peuvent atteindre des dimensions importantes. Nous rapportons l'observation d'une patiente ĂągĂ©e de 34 ans opĂ©rĂ©e pour une tumeur rĂ©tropĂ©ritonĂ©ale gĂ©ante et dont l'examen anapath a conclu Ă un paragangliome. Les formes malignes, plus frĂ©quentes que les formes bĂ©nignes, prĂ©sentent un envahissement locorĂ©gional et mĂ©tastasent tardivement. La prise en charge des paragangliomes doit ĂȘtre multidisciplinaire mais seul le traitement chirurgical est curatif. Il n'existe par contre pas de consensus sur l'utilitĂ© des thĂ©rapeutiques complĂ©mentaires qui peuvent nĂ©anmoins constituer un appoint Ă titre symptomatique. Les paragangliomes prĂ©sentent un caractĂšre gĂ©nĂ©tique dans 25% des cas. Une enquĂȘte gĂ©nĂ©tique doit ĂȘtre systĂ©matiquement proposĂ©e.Pan African Medical Journal 2015; 21
Total rupture of hydatid cyst of liver in to common bile duct: a case report
Rupture of hydatid liver cyst into biliary tree is frequent complications that involvethe common hepatic duct, lobar biliary branches, the small intrahepatic bile ducts,but rarely rupture into common bile duct. The rupture of hydatid cyst is serious life threating event. The authors are reporting a case of total rupture of hydatid cyst of liver into common bile duct. A 50-year-old male patient who presented with acute cholangitis was diagnosed as a case of totally rupture of hydatid cyst on Abdominal CT Scan. Rupture of hydatid cyst of liver into common bile duct and the gallbladder was confirmed on surgery. Treated by cholecystectomy and T-tube drainage of Common bileduct. Key words: hydatid liver cyst, Rupture, Common bile duct (CBD),jaundice
Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics
This volume contains over fifty articles related to various fields of modern Arabic dialectology. All the articles are revised and enhanced versions of papers read on the 12th Conference of the Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA) held in Marseille in June 2017. Since its first conference in Paris in 1993, AIDA members gather every two years in different country. The collection of the AIDA proceedings offer an updated insight of the development of the field. During the past few decadesthe the study of Arabic dialects has become an important branch of research covering a wide range of subjects from phonological analyses, morphosyntax, semantics to pragmatics, sociolinguistics, folk linguistics, studies on literacy and writings, cultural and artistic practices, etc. As many articles of this volume illustrate, the study of Arabic dialects explores different aspects of the languages and cultures of the contemporary Arab world. A remarkable feature is the growing and constant participation of young scholars from all around the globe
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
INTRODUCTION
Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic.
RATIONALE
We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs).
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants.
CONCLUSION
Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century