Patient Positioning for Surgeries of the Spine : How Does it Impact Spinal Geometry and How Can it be Exploited to Improve Surgical Procedures

RÉSUMÉ Les cas les plus graves de déformation rachidienne, telles que la scoliose, nécessitent une intervention chirurgicale afin de traiter les symptômes et de réaligner la colonne vertébrale. Au cours de l'intervention chirurgicale, les patients sont habituellement maintenus dans une position en décubitus ventral et une instrumentation est utilisée pour corriger et fixer la géométrie de la colonne. Il a été démontré que le positionnement des patients sur des cadres chirurgicaux a un impact sur la géométrie rachidienne, mais ceci n'est pas exploité afin de faciliter et améliorer les procédures chirurgicales. Les cadres disponibles commercialement ont des capacités limitées de positionnement du patient qui puisse être modifiable durant l'intervention. Aussi, afin d‟exploiter éventuellement les diverses possibilités de positionnement, on doit connaître l‟impact de ces positions sur la modulation de la géométrie de la colonne vertébrale du patient opéré. Ce projet a été effectué en parallèle avec la conception et la construction d'un nouveau cadre de positionnement multifonctionnel (MFPF) pour les chirurgies du rachis qui permet le positionnement des membres inférieurs ainsi que le déplacement vertical du thorax. Le MFPF lui-même était une combinaison de deux cadres précédents permettant le positionnement chirurgical: le DPF (permettant le réglage de coussins sur le tronc et l'application de forces correctives) et le "leg positionner" (permettant la flexion et l'extension des membres inférieurs). La modélisation par éléments finis (MEF) a été utilisée pour étudier le positionnement de patient sur le DPF. Les objectifs spécifiques de ce projet étaient: 1) d'adapter et développer une MEF de la colonne vertébrale, cage thoracique, bassin, et des membres inférieurs qui soit capable de simuler les effets géométriques sur la colonne vertébrale résultant du positionnement en décubitus ventral et de l‟ajustement des capacités de positionnement du MFPF; 2) effectuer des essais expérimentaux sur le positionnement en décubitus ventral et les capacités de positionnement du MFPF et utiliser les résultats pour valider le MFF; 3) exploiter le MEF pour développer de nouvelles possibilités de positionnement sur le MFPF permettant de moduler la géométrie de la colonne vertébrale et évaluer ces nouvelles positions expérimentalement avec des accessoires construit pour le MFPF; et 4) exploiter la MEF afin d'étudier l'impact de la combinaison des----------ABSTRACT The most severe cases of spinal deformity, such as scoliosis, require surgical intervention in order to treat symptoms and re-align the spine. During surgical procedures, patients are typically kept in the prone position while surgical instrumentation is utilized to manipulate and fix spinal geometry. Patient positioning on surgical frames has been shown to have an impact on spinal geometry which can be exploited in order to facilitate and improve upon surgical procedures. Current commercial surgical frames have no or limited patient positioning capabilities. In order to best take advantage of a surgical frame‟s positioning capabilities, knowledge must be gained on how they will impact a given patient‟s spinal geometry. This project was done in parallel with the design and construction of a new Multi-Functional Positioning Frame (MFPF) for spinal surgeries which allowed for lower limb positioning and thoracic vertical displacement. The MFPF itself was a combination of two previously developed surgical positioning devices: the Dynamic Positioning Frame (DPF) (allowing thoracic cushion adjustment and corrective force application) and the “leg positioner” (allowing hip flexion and extension). Finite element modeling (FEM) was previously used to study patient positioning on the DPF. The global objective of this thesis was to study how patient positioning on a frame can be used in order to improve scoliosis instrumentation procedures through the intra-operative manipulation of spinal geometry. The specific objectives of this project were: 1) adapt and develop a FEM of the spine, thoracic cage, pelvis, and adjacent structures that is able to simulate the geometric effects on the spine resulting from prone positioning and feature adjustment on the MFPF; 2) experimentally test the impact of prone positioning and feature adjustment on the MFPF and utilize the results to validate the FEM; 3) exploit the FEM in order to study additional surgical positions allowing modification of spinal geometrical parameters not possible on the original MFPF design and experimentally assess these new positions using proof of concept features constructed for the MFPF; and 4) exploit the FEM in order to study the impact of combined MFPF positioning parameters on the geometry of the spine (especially the leg positioning and thoracic components) including developing a method allowing for individual an

Image based stroke-rate detection system for swim race analysis

Swim race analysis systems often rely on manual digitization of recorded videos to obtain performance related metrics such as stroke-rate, stroke-length or swim velocity. Using imageprocessing algorithms, a stroke tagging system has been developed that can be used in competitive swimming environments. Test images from video footage of a women’s 200 m medley race recorded at the 2012 Olympic Games, was segmented into regions of interest (ROI) consisting of individual lanes. Analysis of ROI indicated that the red component of the RGB color map corresponded well with the splash generated by the swimmer. Detected red values from the splash were filtered and a sine-fitting function applied; the frequency of which was used to estimate stroke-rate. Results were compared to manually identified parameters and demonstrated excellent agreement for all four disciplines. Future developments will look to improve the accuracy of the identification of swimmer position allowing swim velocity to be calculated

Successional specialization in a reptile community cautions against widespread planned burning and complete fire suppression

Conservation of biodiversity in fire-prone regions depends on understanding responses to fire in animal communities and the mechanisms governing these responses. We collated data from an Australian semi-arid woodland reptile community (4796 individuals captured over 6 years) to: (i) determine the ability of commonly used shorter-term (2 years) surveys to detect reptile responses to time since fire (TSF) and (ii) investigate whether ecological traits of species reliably predicted their responses to fire. Of 16 reptile species analysed, four had responses to TSF consistent with shorter-term surveys and three showed no response to TSF. Nine species had responses to TSF not detected in previous studies using smaller but substantial subsets of the same data. Among the 13 affected species, times of peak abundance ranged from 1 to 50 years after fire. Nocturnal, burrowing species tended to be early successional and leaf-litter dwellers to be late successional, but these were only weak trends. Synthesis and applications. We found only limited support for a generalizable, trait-based model of succession in reptiles. However, our study revealed that the majority of common reptile species in our study region specialize on a post-fire successional stage and may therefore become threatened if homogeneous fire regimes predominate. Our study highlights the importance of interpreting results from time- or sample-limited fire studies of reptiles with the knowledge that many ecological responses may not have been detected. In such cases, an adaptive or precautionary approach to fire management may be necessary.This study was funded by the Australian Research Council, The Australian National University, DENR, Flinders University and the Australia and Pacific Science Foundation

The social construction of acid rain: The paper says it looks like rain today.

This thesis has determined that there were a number of acid rain constructions presented to the public by the Ontario press. Although acid rain had been around since the 1890s, there had been no widespread knowledge among the general public until February 6, 1979, when the press considered the subject newsworthy. The press constructed acid rain using familiar symbolism and imagery that would get the attention of the readership. However, due to the newsgathering techniques of journalists, more specifically their selection of sources, the constructions that were presented to the public were biased and incomplete. The perspectives of political sources of information were overrepresented while environmental organizations were hardly used by reporters. This thesis also examined other influences on the print media\u27s construction of acid rain, including political influences and geographical location of the newspapers.Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .D74. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 34-06, page: 2250. Adviser: Alan Sears. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1995

Skeletochronological analysis of age in three ‘fire-specialist’ lizard species

Copyright (2013) the Field Naturalists Society of South Australia. Published version of the paper reproduced here with permission from the publisher.Adverse fire regimes threaten the persistence of animals in many ecosystems. ‘Fire-specialist’ species, which specialise on a particular post-fire successional stage, are likely to be at greatest risk of decline under adverse fire regimes. Life history data on fire-specialists, including longevity, are needed to develop tools to assist fire management for conservation. We used skeletochronology to estimate the age of individuals of three South Australian fire-specialist lizard species: Amphibolurus norrisi (Agamidae), Ctenotus atlas (Scincidae) and Nephrurus stellatus (Gekkonidae). Bone samples were sourced from specimens captured in mallee vegetation predominantly on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Transverse sections of femora were prepared using a standard histological procedure. We counted the minimum and maximum number of lines of arrested growth (LAG) in each sample to provide a conservative and non-conservative estimate of age for each individual. Our results showed that A. norrisi may live for at least five and up to seven years, C. atlas for at least three and up to four years and N. stellatus for at least four and up to seven years. The assumptions that one LAG was deposited per year and that endosteal resorption was minimal must be considered before using these estimates in further research. Our results provide a guide to the potential longevity of the three species which can be used in simulation modelling and genetic studies to improve fire management for animal conservation

Modeling an Active and Passive Thermal Protection System for a Hypersonic Vehicle

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143043/1/6.2017-0118.pd

Mercury Concentrations in Tropical Resident and Migrant Songbirds on Hispaniola

Despite growing concerns over mercury (Hg) exposure to humans and wildlife on a global scale, little is known about Hg bioaccumulation in the New World tropics. From 2005 to 2011, we monitored Hg concentrations in blood of nine avian species occupying a geographic range of tropical wet broadleaf sites on the island of Hispaniola, including eight passerines (two Nearctic- Neotropical migrant and six resident species) and one top order predatory accipiter. Invertivorous songbirds were further differentiated by foraging guild, with six species of groundforagers and two species of foliage-gleaners. Blood Hg concentrations were orders of magnitude higher in birds sampled in central and southern cloud forest sites (1000 – 1800 m elevation) than in northern and northeastern rainforest sites (50 – 500 m elevation), with migratory and resident species both showing 2 – 20 X greater blood Hg concentrations in cloud forests than in rainforests. Within cloud forest sites, ground-foraging species had higher Hg concentrations than foliage-gleaning species. Top order predatory sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) had the highest blood Hg concentrations among all species, suggesting that Hg biomagnification is occurring in terrestrial forests of Hispaniola. Two migrant songbird species overwintering on the island had higher blood Hg concentrations than have been recorded on their North American breeding grounds. Future studies should seek to elucidate sources of variation in atmospheric Hg deposition on Hispaniola and to quantify the dynamics of Hg cycling in tropical forest ecosystems, which may differ in important ways from patterns documented in temperate forest ecosystems

Stable task information from an unstable neural population

Over days and weeks, neural activity representing an animal’s position and movement in sensorimotor cortex has been found to continually reconfigure or ‘drift’ during repeated trials of learned tasks, with no obvious change in behavior. This challenges classical theories, which assume stable engrams underlie stable behavior. However, it is not known whether this drift occurs systematically, allowing downstream circuits to extract consistent information. Analyzing long-term calcium imaging recordings from posterior parietal cortex in mice (Mus musculus), we show that drift is systematically constrained far above chance, facilitating a linear weighted readout of behavioral variables. However, a significant component of drift continually degrades a fixed readout, implying that drift is not confined to a null coding space. We calculate the amount of plasticity required to compensate drift independently of any learning rule, and find that this is within physiologically achievable bounds. We demonstrate that a simple, biologically plausible local learning rule can achieve these bounds, accurately decoding behavior over many days

Research data supporting the publication "Under Pressure: Offering Fundamental Insight into Structural Changes on Ball Milling Battery Materials"

Data depository includes the following: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of the ball-milled Li2MoO4 (at 40Hz and 50Hz, with varying ball size of 7 and 10 mm). PXRD of H-Nb2O5 ball-milled at 40 Hz and 50 Hz (7 mm ball) Electrochemical data of Li2MoO4 and Li2MnO3 (ball-milled samples). TEM of Li2MoO4 and the ball-milled equivalent. Li and Mo NMR of Li2MoO4 and the ball-milled equivalent

Modification of 15q11 — q13 DNA methylation imprints in unique Angelman and Prader — Willi patients

The clearest example of genomic Imprinting in humans comes from studies of the Angelman (AS) and Prader—Wil (PWS) syndromes. Although these are clinically distinct disorders, both typically result from a loss of the same chromosomal region, 15q11 - q13. AS usually results from either a maternal deletion of this region, or paternal uniparental disomy (UPD; both chromosomes 15 Inherited from the father). PWS results from paternal deletion of 15q11 - q13 or maternal UPD of chromosome 15. We have recently described a parent-specific DNA methylation imprint in a gene at the D15S9 locus (new gene symbol, ZNF 127), within the 15q11 - q13 region, that identifies AS and PWS patients with either a deletion or UPD. Here we describe an AS sibship and three PWS patients in which chromosome 15 rearrangements alter the methylation state at ZNF127, even though this locus is not directly involved in the rearrangement. Parent-specific DNA methylation imprints are also altered at ZNF127 and D15S63 (another locus with a parent-specific methylation imprint) in an AS sibship which have no detectable deletion or UPD of chromosome 15. These unique patients may provide insight into the imprinting process that occurs in proximal chromosome 15 in human