Inter-cluster Filaments of Galaxies Programme: Abundance and Distribution of Filaments in the 2dFGRS Catalogue

Filaments of galaxies are known to stretch between galaxy clusters at all redshifts in a complex manner. In this Letter, we present an analysis of the frequency and distribution of inter-cluster galaxy filaments selected from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. Out of 805 cluster-cluster pairs, we find at least 40 per cent have bone-fide filaments. We introduce a filament classification scheme and cast the filaments into several types according to their visual morphology: straight (lying on the cluster-cluster axis; 37 per cent), warped or curved (lying off the cluster-cluster axis; 33 per cent), sheets (planar configurations of galaxies; 3 per cent), uniform (1 per cent) and irregular (26 per cent). We find that straight filaments are more likely to reside between close cluster pairs and they become more curved with increasing cluster separation. This curving is toward a larger mass concentration in general. We also show that the more massive a cluster is, the more likely it is to have a larger number of filaments. Our results are found to be consistent with a Lambda cold dark matter cosmology.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS letter

Galaxy threshing and the formation of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies

Recent spectroscopic and morphological observational studies of galaxies around NGC 1399 in the Fornax Cluster (Drinkwater et al. 2000b) have discovered several `ultra-compact dwarf' galaxies with intrinsic sizes of $\sim$ 100 pc and absolute $B$ band magnitudes ranging from -13 to -11 mag. In order to elucidate the origin of these enigmatic objects, we perform numerical simulations on the dynamical evolution of nucleated dwarf galaxies orbiting NGC 1399 and suffering from its strong tidal gravitational field. Adopting a plausible scaling relation for dwarf galaxies, we find that the outer stellar components of a nucleated dwarf are totally removed. This is due to them being tidally stripped over the course of several passages past the central region of NGC 1399. The nucleus, however, manages to survive. We also find that the size and luminosity of the remnant are similar to those observed for ultra-compact dwarf galaxies, if the simulated precursor nucleated dwarf has a mass of $\sim$ $10^8$ $M_{\odot}$. These results suggest that ultra-compact dwarf galaxies could have previously been more luminous dwarf spheroidal or elliptical galaxies with rather compact nuclei.Comment: 9 pages 4 figures,2001, ApJL, 552, 10

2MASS Galaxies in the Fornax Cluster Spectroscopic Survey

The Fornax Cluster Spectroscopic Survey (FCSS) is an all-object survey of a region around the Fornax Cluster of galaxies undertaken using the 2dF multi-object spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Its aim was to obtain spectra for a complete sample of all objects with 16.5 < b_j < 19.7 irrespective of their morphology (i.e. including `stars', `galaxies' and `merged' images). We explore the extent to which (nearby) cluster galaxies are present in 2MASS. We consider the reasons for the omission of 2MASS galaxies from the FCSS and vice versa. We consider the intersection (2.9 square degrees on the sky) of our data set with the infra-red 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), using both the 2MASS Extended Source Catalogue (XSC) and the Point Source Catalogue (PSC). We match all the XSC objects to FCSS counterparts by position and also extract a sample of galaxies, selected by their FCSS redshifts, from the PSC. We confirm that all 114 XSC objects in the overlap sample are galaxies, on the basis of their FCSS velocities. A total of 23 Fornax Cluster galaxies appear in the matched data, while, as expected, the remainder of the sample lie at redshifts out to z = 0.2 (the spectra show that 61% are early type galaxies, 18% are intermediate types and 21% are strongly star forming).The PSC sample turns out to contain twice as many galaxies as does the XSC. However, only one of these 225 galaxies is a (dwarf) cluster member. On the other hand, galaxies which are unresolved in the 2MASS data (though almost all are resolved in the optical) amount to 71% of the non-cluster galaxies with 2MASS detections and have redshifts out to z=0.32.Comment: 5 pages, accepted by A&A, resubmitted due to missing reference

The Effect of Local Galaxy Surface Density on Star Formation for HI selected galaxies

We present the result of investigations into two theories to explain the star formation rate-density relationship. For regions of high galaxy density, either there are fewer star forming galaxies, or galaxies capable of forming stars are present but some physical process is suppressing their star formation. We use HI Parkes All Sky Survey's (HIPASS) HI detected galaxies and infrared and radio fluxes to investigate star formation rates and efficiencies with respect to local surface density. For nearby (vel<10000 km\s) HI galaxies we find a strong correlation between HI mass and star formation rate. The number of HI galaxies decreases with increasing local surface density. For HI galaxies (1000<vel<6000 km\s) there is no significant change in the star formation rate or the efficiency of star formation with respect to local surface density. We conclude the SFR-density relation is due to a decrease in the number of HI star forming galaxies in regions of high galaxy density and not to the suppression of star formation.Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication by MNRAS 2 August 200

The Fornax Spectroscopic Survey --- Low Surface Brightness Galaxies in Fornax

The Fornax Spectroscopic Survey is a large optical spectroscopic survey of ALL 14,000 objects with 16.5<Bj<19.7 in a 12 sq.deg area of sky centered on the Fornax Cluster. We are using the 400-fibre Two Degree Field spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope: the multiplex advantage of this system allows us to observe objects conventionally classified as `stars' as well as `galaxies'. This is the only way to minimise selection effects caused by image classification or assessing cluster membership. In this paper we present the first measurements of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies we have detected both in the Fornax Cluster and among the background field galaxies. The new cluster members include some very low luminosity (M_B approx -11.5 mag) dwarf ellipticals, whereas the background LSB galaxies are luminous (-19.6<M_B<-17.0 mag) disk-like galaxies.Comment: To appear in "The Low Surface Brightness Universe", IAU Coll 171, eds. J.I. Davies et al., A.S.P. Conference Series. 8 pages, LaTex, 6 encapsulated ps-figures, requires paspconf.st

Oil film measurement in polytetrafluoroethylene-faced thrust pad bearings for hydrogenerator applications

There is a growing trend in the replacement of the babbit facing in thrust pad bearings with a composite polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface layer. The PTFE-faced bearings have been shown to allow a greater specific pressure, reduce thermal crowning, and, in some cases, negate the need for an oil-lift (jacking) system. These designs of bearing require new methods for the measurement of oil film thickness both to assist in their development and for plant condition monitoring. In this work, an ultrasonic method of oil film measurement is evaluated for this purpose. An ultrasonic transducer is mounted on the back face of the thrust pad. Pulses are generated and transmitted through the pad material, bonding interlayer, and PTFE surface layer. The proportion of the wave that reflects back from the oil film layer is determined. This is then related to the oil film thickness using a series of calibration experiments and a spring stiffness model. In practice, the reflected signal is difficult to distinguish, in the time domain, from other internal reflections from the pad. Signals are compared with reflections when no oil film is present and processing is carried out in the frequency domain. Experiments have been performed on a full size PTFE-faced thrust pad destined for a hydroelectric power station turbine. The instrumented pad was installed in a test facility and subjected to a range of loading conditions both with and without oil lift. Although there were some problems with the robustness of the experimental procedure, oil films were successfully measured and used to study the effect of the oil-lift system on film formation. © IMechE 2006

Exploratory flight investigation of aircraft response to the wing vortex wake generated by the augmentor wing jet STOL research aircraft

A brief exploratory flight program was conducted at Ames Research Center to investigate the vortex wake hazard of a powered-lift STOL aircraft. The study was made by flying an instrumented Cessna 210 aircraft into the wake of the augmentor wing jet STOL research aircraft at separation distances from 1 to 4 n.mi. Characteristics of the wake were evaluated in terms of the magnitude of the upset of the probing aircraft. Results indicated that within 1 n.mi. separation the wake could cause rolling moments in excess of roll control power and yawing moments equivalent to rudder control power of the probe aircraft. Subjective evaluations by the pilots of the Cessna 210 aircraft, supported by response measurements, indicated that the upset caused by the wake of the STOL aircraft was comparable to that of a DC-9 in the landing configuration

Flight experience with the Ogee wing at low speed

Flight test of ogee wing at low speeds - flight characteristics and landing approach speed evaluatio