Interview with Mary Drew

An interview with Mary Drew regarding her experiences in a one-room school house.https://scholars.fhsu.edu/ors/1108/thumbnail.jp

Reo Ra’ivavae (Ra’ivavae, Austral Archipelago, French-occupied Polynesia) - Language Snapshot

Reo Ra’ivavae is the autochthonous language of the people of Ra’ivavae, in the Austral Islands of French-occupied Polynesia. It is also spoken in the administrative centre of French-occupied Polynesia, Tahiti, by the Ra’ivavae diaspora. Historically, the language is considered an Eastern Polynesian language that exhibits some unique sound changes, not found elsewhere in the subgroup. The Ra’ivavae population is undergoing language shift to Tahitian and there exists some degree of multilingualism on the island with French as well. While the exact degree of endangerment is unclear, the language is under threat and urgently requires significant study as there is as of yet very little documentation or description of the language

Antecedents and Outcomes of Duty Orientation Among Salespeople

This study analyzed the relationship among ethical leadership, duty orientation, perceived organizational support (PSS), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and job performance among a sample of 45 sales managers and 203 salespeople. Duty orientation and perceived organizational support were found to mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and performance outcomes. Ethical leadership was a direct predictor of OCBs but not job performance. This study shows the importance of analyzing ethical leadership, duty orientation, and PSS and their relationship with OCBs and job performance in the salesforce

Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) in Nevada – Annual Surveillance Report (1999)

Background: Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most severe manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. AIDS was first reported in the world in 1981 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statewide surveillance for AIDS was begun in 1982. Because the cause of AIDS was unknown at that time, the surveillance case definition included many opportunistic infections and tumors. Persons with AIDS were noted to have abnormalities in their immune system that left them susceptible to certain infections. As more information became available, the AIDS surveillance case definition was modified. In 1984, HIV was found to be the cause of AIDS. HIV infects a specific cell of the immune system, the T-lymphocyte, and kills the cell. Very often, HIV infection is without symptoms, and people do not know they are infected. However, they carry the virus in their blood and other body fluids and can infect other persons exposed to these fluids. Persons with unrecognized and untreated HIV infection may not have symptoms for years. The average time from untreated HIV infection to AIDS is 8 to 10 years. Many drugs are now available to treat HIV infection. The usual regimen is a combination of drugs that are taken daily. The goal of treatment is to reduce the amount of virus in the blood to “undetectable” levels by laboratory methods, and to maintain a level of T-lymphocytes that keeps the immune system function intact. When a person with HIV infection stays on an effective treatment regimen they may never reach the AIDS stage. Therefore, AIDS surveillance will not be a true indicator of the burden of HIV disease in our communities. In 1992, Nevada initiated mandatory reporting of HIV infection by name. The purpose was to find persons with early HIV infection and ensure that they were educated about their disease and referred to appropriate treatment. Therefore, Nevada has a surveillance system both for HIV infection and for AIDS. Not all states have HIV surveillance; therefore AIDS cases are used for comparison of relative rates of cases between states. AIDS cases in this report are cases where the person who has HIV has developed the disease called AIDS. HIV cases in this report are cases where the person has the virus called HIV, but has not yet developed the disease called AIDS. Once an HIV case becomes an AIDS case, the AIDS and HIV surveillance system is updated to reflect that occurrence. This report provides the results of both cases and gives definitions for both

Special Report on Children Born to HIV Positive Parents in Nevada, 1991-1999

Background: This report encompasses an effort to look at the number of children born to HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and/or AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) infected parents during the years 1991 to 1999 in Nevada. According to the Healthy People 2000 (HP 2000) Review for the years 1998- 1999, infants of untreated or undetected HIV positive women have been identified as a distinct population at risk for contracting the virus that causes AIDS. The State of Nevada’s Bureau of Disease Control and Intervention Services in collaboration with the Bureau of Health Planning and Statistics has taken the initial step to “cross match” two databases that are housed within the two bureaus. “Cross match” refers to a process whereby records pertaining to a person, household, event, etc. in one database are matched to records pertaining to that same person, household, event, etc. in another database. For our purposes, this process involves using records from the database known as HARS or the HIV/AIDS Reporting System*, and records from the birth registry for the years 1991 to 1999 to be linked or cross-matched. By cross matching these two databases, it is first possible to determine the number of HIV/AIDS infected parents who gave birth in Nevada from 1991-1999. Additionally, it is possible to determine the number of children born to these parents, analyzing specific variables such as their demographic and birth weight information recorded on the birth certificate

Potential role of tigecycline in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia

Tigecycline is a member of the glycylcycline class of antimicrobials, which is structurally similar to the tetracycline class. It demonstrates potent in vitro activity against causative pathogens that are most frequently isolated in patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), including (but not limited to) Streptococcus pneumoniae (both penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains), Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and ‘atypical organisms’ (namely Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila). Comparative randomized clinical trials to date performed in hospitalized patients receiving tigecycline 100 mg intravenous (IV) × 1 and then 50 mg IV twice daily thereafter have demonstrated efficacy and safety comparable to the comparator agent. Major adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal in nature. Tigecycline represents a parenteral monotherapy option in hospitalized patients with CABP (especially in patients unable to receive respiratory fluoroquinolones). However, alternate and/or additional therapies should be considered in patients with more severe forms of CABP in light of recent data of increased mortality in patients receiving tigecycline for other types of severe infection

Tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skin structure infections

Tigecycline, a glycylcycline related to the tetracycline class of antibiotics, represents a new option for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skin structure infections. It displays favorable activity in vitro against the most common causative Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic pathogens. In addition, tigecycline demonstrates activity against drug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and organisms (such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Tigecycline lacks activity in vitro against Pseudomonas and Proteus spp. In randomized clinical trials, tigecycline administered intravenously twice daily has demonstrated efficacy similar to comparators for a variety of complicated skin and skin structure and complicated intra-abdominal infections. The potential for significant drug interactions with tigecycline appears to be minimal. Dosing adjustment is needed for patients with severe hepatic impairment. The predominant side effect associated with its use to date has been gastrointestinal intolerance (nausea and vomiting)

EVA Swab Tool to Support Planetary Protection and Astrobiology Evaluations

When we send humans to search for life on other planets, we'll need to know what we brought with us versus what may already be there. To ensure our crewed systems meet planetary protection requirements-and to protect our science from human contamination-we'll need to assess whether microorganisms may be leaking or venting from our spacecraft. Microbial sample collection outside of a pressurized spacecraft is complicated by temperature extremes, low pressures that preclude the use of laboratory standard (wetted) swabs, and operation either in bulky spacesuits or with robotic assistance. Engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently developed a swab kit for use in collecting microbial samples from the external surfaces of crewed spacecraft, including spacesuits. The Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Swab Kit consists of a single swab tool handle and an eight-canister sample caddy. The design team minimized development cost by re-purposing a heritage Space Shuttle tile repair handle that was designed to quickly snap into different tool attachments by engaging a mating device in each attachment. This allowed the tool handle to snap onto a fresh swab attachment much like popular shaving razor handles can snap onto a disposable blade cartridge. To disengage the handle from a swab, the user performs two independent functions, which can be done with a single hand. This dual operation mitigates the risk that a swab will be inadvertently released and lost in microgravity. Each swab attachment is fitted with commercially available foam swab tips, vendor-certified to be sterile for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). A microbial filter installed in the bottom of each sample container allows the container to outgas and repressurize without introducing microbial contaminants to internal void spaces. Extensive ground testing, post-test handling, and sample analysis confirmed the design is able to maintain sterile conditions as the canister moves between various pressure environments. To further minimize cost, the design team acquired extensive ground test experience in a relevant flight environment by piggy-backing onto suited crew training runs. These training runs allowed the project to validate tool interfaces with pressurized EVA gloves and collect user feedback on the tool design and function, as well as characterize baseline microbial data for different types of spacesuits. In general, test subjects found the EVA Swab Kit relatively straightforward to operate, but identified a number of design improvements that will be incorporated into the final design. Although originally intended to help characterize human forward contaminants, this tool has other potential applications, such as for collecting and preserving space-exposed materials to support astrobiology experiments