Revealing an Equitable Income Allocation among Dairy Farm Partnerships

We formulate a method to determine an equitable division of dairy farm partnership income when partners provide unequal amounts of capital, labor, and management and empirically estimate this relationship. New York dairy farm financial data are used within fixed effects and random coefficient panel regression models to reveal a systematic division of dairy farm partnership income among operators’ labor, capital, and management while controlling for heterogeneity arising from differing herd size. Results indicate that controlling for time and heterogeneity across farms due to herd size are important factors when dividing net farm income among unpaid factors of production. Empirical estimates of allocating dairy farm partnership income to equity, operators’ labor, and management are presented.Dairy, opportunity costs, unpaid factors production, net farm income, operators’ labor, capital, management., Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Q10, Q12,

The Sudbury Structure (Ontario, Canada) and Vredefort Structure (South Africa): A comparison

Both the Sudbury Structure (SS) and the Witwatersrand Basin surrounding the Vredefort Structure (VS) host some of the most important base and precious metal deposits on earth. In both structures Precambrian igneous, sedimentary and volcanic rocks were affected by the structure forming process, either meteorite impact or endogenic explosion, or as some VS workers propose, by high strain tectonics. Besides these general features there are some geological and geophysical characteristics that are strikingly similar in both structures. There are, however, some obvious differences. Directly related to the structure forming processes are breccias in the footwall rocks of both structures. Pseudotachylite breccias occurring in both structures display great similarities. Chemical and physical characteristics of the pseudotachylites are similar in both structures. Both structures are characterized by overturned collar rocks, not evident everywhere around the SS. The VS is rimmed by an up or overturned collar of sediments and volcanics of the Witwatersrand, Ventersdorp and Transvaal Supergroups. Drilling information proved that the strata of the Witwatersrand Supergroup in the south of the VS are lying horizontally. Shockmetamorphic features such as planar microdeformations in rock forming minerals and shatter cones are present in both structures in the footwall rocks and in the SS also in the breccias of the OF. Both structures have large geophysical anomalies associated with them. In both structures the anomalies were interpreted as being caused by mafic-ultramafic complexes underlying the structures

Flavor asymmetry of polarized antiquark distributions and semi-inclusive DIS

The $1/N_c$-expansion of QCD suggests large flavor asymmetries of the polarized antiquark distributions in the nucleon. This is confirmed by model calculations in the large-$N_c$ limit (chiral quark-soliton model), which give sizable results for $\Delta\bar u (x) - \Delta\bar d (x)$ and $\Delta\bar u (x) + \Delta\bar d (x) - 2 \Delta \bar s (x)$. We compute the contributions of these flavor asymmetries to the spin asymmetries in hadron production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering. We show that the large flavor asymmetries predicted by the chiral quark-soliton model are consistent with the recent HERMES data for spin asymmetries in charged hadron production.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX2e, 9 eps figures include

Channel, tube, and Taylor-Couette flow of complex viscoelastic fluid models

We show how to formulate two-point boundary value problems to compute laminar channel, tube, and Taylor-Couette flow profiles for some complex viscoelastic fluid models of differential type. The models examined herein are the Pom-Pom Model [McLeish and Larson 42:81-110, (1998)] the Pompon Model [Öttinger 40:317-321, (2001)] and the Two Coupled Maxwell Modes Model (Beris and Edwards 1994). For the two-mode Upper-Convected Maxwell Model, we calculate analytical solutions for the three flow geometries and use the solutions to validate the numerical methodology. We illustrate how to calculate the velocity, pressure, conformation tensor, backbone orientation tensor, backbone stretch, and extra stress profiles for various models. For the Pom-Pom Model, we find that the two-point boundary value problem is numerically unstable, which is due to the aphysical non-monotonic shear stress vs shear rate prediction of the model. For the other two models, we compute laminar flow profiles over a wide range of pressure drops and inner cylinder velocities. The volumetric flow rate and the nonlinear viscoelastic material properties on the boundaries of the flow geometries are determined as functions of the applied pressure drop, allowing easy analysis of experimentally measurable quantitie

Sudbury project (University of Muenster-Ontario Geological Survey): Sr-Nd in heterolithic breccias and gabbroic dikes

One major objective of our Sudbury project was to define origin and age of the huge breccia units below and above the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC). The heterolithic Footwall Breccia (FB) represents a part of the uplifted crater floor. It contains subrounded fragments up to several meters in size and lithic fragments with shock features (greater than 10 GPa) embedded into a fine- to medium-grained matrix. Epsilon(sub Nd)-epsilon(sub Sr) relationships point to almost exclusively parautochthonous precursor lithologies. The different textures of the matrix reflect the metamorphic history of the breccia layer; thermal annealing by the overlying hot impact melt sheet (SIC) at temperatures greater than 1000 C resulted in melting of the fine crushed material, followed by an episode of metasomatic K-feldspar growth and, finally, formation of low-grade minerals such as actinolite and chlorite. Isotope relationships in the Onaping breccias (Gray and Green Member) are much more complex. All attempts to date the breccia formation failed: Zircons are entirely derived from country rocks and lack the pronounced Pb loss caused by the heat of the slowly cooling impact melt sheet (SIC). Rb-Sr techniques using either lithic fragments of different shock stages or the thin slab method, set time limits for the apparently pervasive alkali mobility in these suevitic breccias. The data array and the intercept in the plots point to a major Rb-Sr fractionation around 1.54 Ga ago. This model age is in the same range as the age obtained for the metasomatic matrix of the FB. Rb-Sr dating of a shock event in impact-related breccias seems to be possible only if their matrix had suffered total melting by the hot melt sheet (FB) or if they contain a high fraction of impact melt (suevitic Onaping breccias), whereas the degree of shock metamorphism in rock or lithic fragments plays a minor role. In the Sudbury case, however, the impact melt in the seuvitic breccias is devitrified and recrystallized, which changed Rb/Sr ratios quite drastically. Therefore, the Onaping breccias give only age limits for alteration and low-grade metamorphism. The Sm-Nd system was not reset during the Sudbury event; clasts as well as the matrix in the FB and in the Onaping breccias show preimpact 'Archean' Nd isotope signatures